2007年考研英語(yǔ)真題及答案詳解完整版

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.

On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.

1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants[C]peoples [D]individuals

2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly[D]hopefully

3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected

4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted

5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return

6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally

7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical

8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform

9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover

10.[A]with[B]about [C]among[D]by

11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded

12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While

13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against

14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence

15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish

16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised

17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original

18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher

19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred

20.[ A] puzzled by[B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared for

文章中心：完型填空的命題理論規(guī)定，文章的中心思想一般體現(xiàn)在文章首段的首句;有時(shí)首段首句其他段落的首句共同表達(dá)文章中心思想。因此，在選擇具體題目答案前，把握文章中心對(duì)于理解文章語(yǔ)句，把握邏輯關(guān)系，確定語(yǔ)意銜接提供了足夠的信息依據(jù)。

文章首段主題句敘述到By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成為獨(dú)立。

本文的中心思想為 前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放以及面對(duì)的問(wèn)題。

題目解析：

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future.

1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants [C]peoples [D]individuals

2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly [D]hopefully

1. 語(yǔ)意辨析題 本題目選擇名詞，在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。句子敘述到The roughly 20 million

of these nations looked to the future. “這些大概有2000萬(wàn)…對(duì)未來(lái)…。”

選項(xiàng)A. natives 本地人;

B. inhabitant居民;

C. peoples 民族;

D. individuals個(gè)體。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項(xiàng)A. natives 本地人，“這些大概有2000萬(wàn)本地人…”，符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)B. inhabitant居民，“這些大概有2000萬(wàn)居民…”，符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)C. peoples 民族，“這些大概有2000萬(wàn)個(gè)民族”，顯然有悖于常理，不符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)D. individuals個(gè)體，“這些大概有2000萬(wàn)個(gè)體…”，不符合句子含義，個(gè)體一般用于區(qū)分于集體時(shí)使用。選項(xiàng)A和B都可以在句子中做主語(yǔ)，確定該題目為語(yǔ)意辨析題。前面相鄰語(yǔ)句(或文章中心思想)敘述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成為獨(dú)立?！北揪浣忉屃诉@些居住在擺脫殖民地地位而獨(dú)立的的人們對(duì)于未來(lái)的態(tài)度。因此，正確答案為B。

2. 語(yǔ)意辨析題 本題目選擇副詞，在句子中做狀語(yǔ)。句子敘述到The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked to the future. “這些大概有2000萬(wàn)居民對(duì)未來(lái)…。” 選項(xiàng)A. confusedly困惑地;

B. cheerfully 高興的;

C. worried 擔(dān)心的;

D. hopefully 充滿期待地。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項(xiàng)A. confusedly困惑地，“這些大概有2000萬(wàn)居民對(duì)未來(lái)感到困惑”，符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)B. cheerfully 高興的，“這些大概有2000萬(wàn)居民對(duì)未來(lái)感到高興”，符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)C. worried 擔(dān)心的，“這些大概有2000萬(wàn)居民對(duì)未來(lái)感到擔(dān)心”，符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)D. hopefully 充滿期待地，“這些大概有2000萬(wàn)居民對(duì)未來(lái)充滿期待”，符合句子含義。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)似乎在單個(gè)句子中都合理通順，確定該題目為語(yǔ)意辨析題。前面相鄰語(yǔ)句(或文章中心思想)敘述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成為獨(dú)立?！北揪浣忉屃诉@些居住在擺脫殖民地地位而獨(dú)立的的人們對(duì)于未來(lái)的態(tài)度。既然獨(dú)立，當(dāng)讓是充滿希望的。因此正確答案D。

Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.

3.[A]shared [B]forgot [C]attained [D]rejected

4.[A]related [B]close [C]open [D]devoted

5.[A]access [B]succession [C]right [D]return

3. 詞匯辨析題 本句子選擇動(dòng)詞，在句子中充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句子敘述到many of the leaders of independence the ideas of representative government “許多獨(dú)立的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都…議會(huì)政府?！?/p>

選項(xiàng)A. shared 共有;

B. forgot 忘記;

C. attained 獲得;

D. rejected 拒絕.。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，文章中心思想敘述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成為獨(dú)立?！奔热皇仟?dú)立的，那么新的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人們應(yīng)該推崇一種公平的政治舉措。對(duì)于，當(dāng)時(shí)比較先進(jìn)而且民主的“議會(huì)制度”當(dāng)然應(yīng)該是全力支持的。選項(xiàng)A. shared 共有，“許多獨(dú)立的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都認(rèn)同議會(huì)政府”，符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)B. forgot 忘記，“許多獨(dú)立的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都忘記了議會(huì)政府”，不符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)C. attained 獲得，“許多獨(dú)立的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都獲得了議會(huì)政府”，不符合句子含義，“attain 獲得”一般是通過(guò)長(zhǎng)期努力而獲得什么物品，實(shí)現(xiàn)什么目標(biāo)，不能表達(dá)為“獲得議會(huì)政府”;選項(xiàng)D. rejected 拒絕，“許多獨(dú)立的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都拒絕了議會(huì)政府”，不符合文章中心“獨(dú)立”。因此，正確答案為A，許多獨(dú)立領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都認(rèn)同議會(huì)政府。

4. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇形容詞，在句子中體現(xiàn)前、后名詞之間的關(guān)系。句子敘述many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers ____to talent, freedom of commerce and trade,… “許多獨(dú)立領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都認(rèn)同議會(huì)政府，職業(yè)…于人才，商業(yè)和貿(mào)易自由…?！憋@然，短語(yǔ)“careers ____to talent”、短語(yǔ)“freedom of commerce and trade”等都是與“認(rèn)同議會(huì)政府”相并列的獨(dú)立領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人們新政的民主政策。應(yīng)該充分體現(xiàn)獨(dú)立和民主。

選項(xiàng)A. related 相關(guān)的;

B. close 接近的;

C. open 開(kāi)著的;

D. devoted 投入的.

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項(xiàng)A. related 相關(guān)的，“職業(yè)相關(guān)于人才”，不符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)B. close 接近的，“職業(yè)接近于人才”，不符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)C. open 開(kāi)著的，“職業(yè)對(duì)于人才開(kāi)放”，符合文章中心同時(shí)也符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)D. devoted 投入的，“職業(yè)投入于人才”，這種表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)該是“人才投入與工作”才是正確的語(yǔ)句表達(dá)。職業(yè)對(duì)人才開(kāi)放才符合文章“獨(dú)立”這一中心。因此，正確答案為C。

5. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇名詞，在句子中體現(xiàn)句子內(nèi)容的連貫性。句子敘述到many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the___ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. “許多獨(dú)立的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都認(rèn)同議會(huì)政府，認(rèn)為職業(yè)應(yīng)該向人才開(kāi)放，認(rèn)可商業(yè)貿(mào)易自由，認(rèn)可私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的…，認(rèn)為個(gè)人是社會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)。

選項(xiàng)A. access to 接近;

B. succession to 繼承;

C. right to …的權(quán)利;

D. return to 返回。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，從前面的“議會(huì)制政府”，“向人才開(kāi)放的職業(yè)”，“商業(yè)和貿(mào)易自由”可以看出這里提到的是推動(dòng)進(jìn)步和發(fā)展，充分調(diào)動(dòng)人們積極性的另一個(gè)理念“人們對(duì)私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)”，故此處選擇right。因此，正確答案為C。

6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.

6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally

7.[A]unique [B]common [C]particular [D]typical

6. 邏輯關(guān)系題 本題目選擇副詞，體現(xiàn)前、后兩個(gè)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系。句子敘述到 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, “有一種…的信念，新獨(dú)立的應(yīng)該是自治并且獨(dú)立的?！?選擇邏輯關(guān)系詞，相關(guān)聯(lián)的兩個(gè)句子提供信息決定答案。

選項(xiàng)A. Presumably 大概的;

B. Incidentally 偶然的;

C. Obviously 顯然的;

D. Generally 普遍的。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，前面的句子敘述到“many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. “許多獨(dú)立的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都認(rèn)同議會(huì)政府，認(rèn)為職業(yè)應(yīng)該向人才開(kāi)放，認(rèn)可商業(yè)貿(mào)易自由，認(rèn)可私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的…，認(rèn)為個(gè)人是社會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)?！?該句與后面的句子沒(méi)有任何內(nèi)容相反或轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞，可以判斷兩個(gè)句子是順接關(guān)系，后面承接上一句內(nèi)容而來(lái)，繼續(xù)介紹新的獨(dú)立領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都認(rèn)同的理念。因此，正確答案為D。

7. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇形容詞，在句子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。句子敘述到Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a set of 1aws. “有一種普遍接受的信念，新獨(dú)立的應(yīng)該是自治并且獨(dú)立的, 要足夠大并且能夠在經(jīng)濟(jì)上運(yùn)行良好，通過(guò)一套…的法律將各個(gè)新獨(dú)立的聯(lián)合”。

選項(xiàng)A. unique;

B. common普通的;

C. particular 特殊的;

D. typical 典型的。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，想要“聯(lián)合各個(gè)”只有通過(guò)共同接受的法律才能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)。選項(xiàng)A. unique，體現(xiàn)與眾不同，標(biāo)新立異與 “聯(lián)合”沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)B. common普通的，共同的，“通過(guò)共同接受的法律將各個(gè)新獨(dú)立的聯(lián)合”，符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)C. particular 特殊的，體現(xiàn)自身特點(diǎn)“異于常規(guī)”，不符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)D. typical典型的，指具有既定特點(diǎn)的，不符合句子含義。因此，正確答案為B。

On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership.

8.[A]freedom [B]origin [C]impact [D]reform

9.[A]therefore [B]however [C]indeed [D]moreover

10.[A]with [B]about [C]among [D]by

8.語(yǔ)意辨析題 本題目選擇名詞，在句子中做賓語(yǔ)。句子敘述到On the issue of of religion and the position of the Church…?！瓣P(guān)于宗教的…和教會(huì)地位的問(wèn)題…?！?/p>

選項(xiàng)A. freedom自由;

B. origin 起源;

C. impact 影響;

D. reform 改革。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項(xiàng)A. freedom of religion“宗教信仰自由”，符合短語(yǔ)表達(dá);選項(xiàng)B. origin of religion “宗教的起源”，符合短語(yǔ)表達(dá);選項(xiàng)C. impact of religion “宗教的影響”，符合短語(yǔ)表達(dá);選項(xiàng)D. reform of religion “宗教改革”，符合短語(yǔ)表達(dá)。顯然，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)在句子中似乎都合理，確定該題目為語(yǔ)意辨析題。由于前文敘述內(nèi)容未涉及宗教，所以信息在后文。.(完成下面題目發(fā)現(xiàn)，羅馬天主教是西班牙國(guó)教，是西班牙王室認(rèn)可的宗教。多數(shù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人致力于保留天主教為新的宗教;而另一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人致力于終結(jié)排斥其他宗教的狀況。)顯然，關(guān)于宗教信仰的自由問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生分歧。因此，正確答案為A。

9. 邏輯關(guān)系題 本題目選擇邏輯關(guān)系詞，體現(xiàn)前后句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系。句子敘述到On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church, there was less agreement … ?！瓣P(guān)于宗教信仰自由和教會(huì)地位的問(wèn)題，各國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間存在分歧。”

選項(xiàng)A. therefore 因此;

B. however 然而;

C. indeed的確;

D. moreover而且。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，第一段最后敘述到Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a set of 1aws. “有一種普遍接受的信念，新獨(dú)立的應(yīng)該是自治并且獨(dú)立的, 要足夠大并且能夠在經(jīng)濟(jì)上運(yùn)行良好，通過(guò)一套共同的法律將各個(gè)新獨(dú)立的聯(lián)合”，介紹了新成立的獨(dú)立領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間在治國(guó)理念方面的共識(shí)。而隨后的語(yǔ)句提到的是他們之間存在的分歧，顯然兩部分之間為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。因此，正確答案為B。

10. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇介詞，體現(xiàn)句子內(nèi)容的范圍。句子敘述到On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church, however there was less agreement ___the leadership.“關(guān)于宗教信仰自由和教會(huì)地位的問(wèn)題，各國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在主導(dǎo)地位...方面存在分歧?！边x項(xiàng)A. with和…;

B. about 有關(guān);

C. among 在…之中;

D. by通過(guò)。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，本句表明各國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間在宗教問(wèn)題方面不那么有默契了，among表示“在……之間”，這里among the leadership表范圍。其他幾個(gè)介詞與后面內(nèi)容搭配作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，都不表示范圍。因此，正確答案為C。

Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown.

11.[A]allowed [B]preached [C]granted [D]funded

11.詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇過(guò)去分詞，修飾前面相鄰的名詞。句子敘述到Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one by the Spanish crown. “羅馬天主教過(guò)去是西班牙的國(guó)教，是西班牙王室…的宗教?！?該過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)修飾前面的“Roman Catholicism 羅馬天主教”，體現(xiàn)出“Roman crown 羅馬皇室”對(duì)于“羅馬天主教”的態(tài)度。

選項(xiàng)A. allowed準(zhǔn)許;

B. preached 宣揚(yáng);

C. granted 承認(rèn);

D. funded資助。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，句中的only可判斷，西班牙王室只承認(rèn)羅馬天主教。選項(xiàng)A. allowed準(zhǔn)許，表示許可，對(duì)于嚴(yán)肅的宗教地位不適用;選項(xiàng)B. preached 宣揚(yáng)，對(duì)于宗教地位應(yīng)該不僅僅是宣揚(yáng)這么膚淺，皇室要通過(guò)政治權(quán)利規(guī)定宗教的信仰及其地位，該詞不合理;選項(xiàng)C. granted 承認(rèn)(授權(quán))，符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)D. funded資助，表示通過(guò)資金來(lái)支持，不符合宗教地位的要求。因此，正確答案為C。

12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths.

12.[A]Since [B]If [C]Unless [D]While

13.[A]as [B]for [C]under [D]against

14.[A]spread [B]interference[C]exclusion [D]influence

12. 邏輯關(guān)系題 本題目選擇連詞，體現(xiàn)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系。句子敘述到 __ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism …, some sought to end the…. “大多數(shù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人致力于保留天主教，…一些人致力于結(jié)束…?！边x擇邏輯關(guān)系詞，相關(guān)聯(lián)的兩個(gè)句子提供信息決定答案。

選項(xiàng)A. since因?yàn)?

B. if 如果;

C. unless 除非;

D. while 而。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，關(guān)于宗教信仰問(wèn)題，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人分成兩個(gè)派別，即，“大多數(shù)致力于保留天主教”和“一些人致力于結(jié)束它的統(tǒng)治地位”。顯然，二者觀點(diǎn)相異。因此，正確答案為D。

13.詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇介詞，將后面的名詞和前面句子的邏輯關(guān)系。句子敘述到while most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism ___ the official religion of the new states, “大多數(shù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人致力于保留天主教…新的宗教。”

選項(xiàng)A. as 作為;

B. for 為了;

C. under 在...之下;

D. against 反對(duì)。

顯然這里as the official religion of the new states是方式狀語(yǔ)，與maintain搭配使用，符合語(yǔ)意關(guān)系。因此，正確答案為A。

14.詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇名詞，在句子中做賓語(yǔ)。句子敘述到some sought to end the of other faiths. “一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人致力于結(jié)束對(duì)于其他宗教信仰的…?！?/p>

選項(xiàng)A. spread 傳播;

B. interference干涉;

C. exclusion 排除;

D. promised 承諾。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，關(guān)于宗教信仰問(wèn)題，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人分成兩個(gè)派別，即，“大多數(shù)致力于保留天主教”和“一些人致力于結(jié)束排擠其他宗教的行為”。顯然，二者觀點(diǎn)相異。兩撥人的觀點(diǎn)截然不同，exclusion用在此處符合語(yǔ)境，表示“結(jié)束對(duì)于其他宗教的排擠”。這里使用spread，interference和influence與前面內(nèi)容均不構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。因此，正確答案為C。

The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.

15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish

15.固定搭配題 選擇名詞，構(gòu)成rallying…的固定搭配。在句子中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。句子敘述到The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces. “保衛(wèi)教會(huì)成為保守勢(shì)力的戰(zhàn)斗…。”選項(xiàng)A. support 支持;B. cry 哭喊;C. plea 懇請(qǐng);D. wish 希望。本句與前一句內(nèi)容有隱含的因果關(guān)系，這是由于一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人主張?jiān)试S信仰其他宗教，因此保衛(wèi)教會(huì)成為保守勢(shì)力的戰(zhàn)斗口號(hào)。這里rallying cry為固定搭配。因此，正確答案為B。

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.

16.[A]urged [B]intended [C]expected [D]promised

16.固定搭配題 本題目選擇動(dòng)詞，與to 構(gòu)成搭配，在句子中充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句子敘述到Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. “玻利瓦爾得到海地的援助，作為回報(bào)，他…在自己解放的地區(qū)廢除奴隸制度。”

選項(xiàng)A. urged 敦促;

B. intended 打算;

C. expected 期望;

D. promised 答應(yīng)。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，從句中的in return可以看出，海地對(duì)玻利瓦爾的幫助并非無(wú)條件的，其條件就是后者承諾廢除奴隸制度。選項(xiàng)A. urged 敦促，表示主動(dòng)且積極，不符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)B. intended 打算，表示主動(dòng)且積極，不符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)C. expected 期望，表示主觀能動(dòng)性，不符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)D. promised 答應(yīng)，這里promise to do sth.意為“答應(yīng)做某事”，答應(yīng)是口頭的并非付諸于行動(dòng)的，在此有“陽(yáng)奉陰違”的意味。因此，正確答案為D。

By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies.

17.[A]controlling [B]former [C]remaining [D]original

17.詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇形容詞，修飾名詞colonies。句子敘述到By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s ___colonies. “到了1854年，除了西班牙…的殖民地外，其他的地區(qū)都已經(jīng)廢除奴隸制?！?/p>

選項(xiàng)A. controlling正在統(tǒng)治的;

B. former原來(lái)的;

C. remaining遺留的;

D. original 原始的。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項(xiàng)A. controlling正在統(tǒng)治的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙正在統(tǒng)治的殖民地外，其他的地區(qū)都已經(jīng)廢除奴隸制”，與前文的陽(yáng)奉陰違的答應(yīng)廢除奴隸制沒(méi)有邏輯上的一致性，不符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)B. former原來(lái)的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙原來(lái)的殖民地外，其他的地區(qū)都已經(jīng)廢除奴隸制”，“原來(lái)的”體現(xiàn)出雖然獨(dú)立但是民主的政策卻絲毫沒(méi)有效用，顯然不符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)C. remaining遺留的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙遺留的殖民地外，其他的地區(qū)都已經(jīng)廢除奴隸制”，即體現(xiàn)了獨(dú)立的舉措，又表現(xiàn)出陽(yáng)奉陰違的不徹底的廢除奴隸制的行為;選項(xiàng)D. original 原始的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙原始的殖民地外，其他的地區(qū)都已經(jīng)廢除奴隸制”，顯然這樣的表達(dá)沒(méi)有任何“獨(dú)立”的跡象，不符合句子含義。因此應(yīng)選C，指西班牙的殘存的殖民地。

Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .

18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher

19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred

18.語(yǔ)義辨析題 本題目選擇副詞的比較級(jí)形式，在句子中表示狀態(tài)。句子敘述到Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much ___ because… “停止印地安人上貢和對(duì)混血人種征稅的早期承諾實(shí)現(xiàn)得頗為…?！?/p>

選項(xiàng)A. slower較慢;

B. faster較快;

C. easier較容易;

D. tougher較難。

顯然，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)在句子中似乎都是合理的，確定該題目為語(yǔ)意辨析題。上文提到玻利瓦爾承諾廢除奴隸制，到1854年除了西班牙剩余的殖民地外，其他地區(qū)都已廢除奴隸制，因此，根據(jù)上下文可知，此處是說(shuō)這個(gè)承諾實(shí)現(xiàn)得緩慢，不像廢除奴隸制那樣快，因此，正確答案為A。

19.詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇動(dòng)詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句子敘述到the new nations still needed the revenue such policies _ . “新的仍然需要這些政策所…的稅收收入。”選項(xiàng)A. created 創(chuàng)建;

B. produced 產(chǎn)生，生產(chǎn);

C. contributed 有助于;

D. preferred 更喜歡。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，本題所在部分意為“新仍然需要這些政策所帶來(lái)的稅收收入”，這些稅收收入是這些policies帶來(lái)的，這里使用produce意思相近。選項(xiàng)A. created 創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)建，不能與“revenue 收入”構(gòu)成合理的主謂關(guān)系;選項(xiàng)C. contributed 有助于，一般要構(gòu)成“contribute to”的短語(yǔ)才能夠接賓語(yǔ)，在此不符合句子含義;選項(xiàng)D. preferred 更喜歡，一般要構(gòu)成“prefer to”的短語(yǔ)。句子中沒(méi)有提供比較的參照，所以不涉及“更喜歡”，不符合句子含義。因此，正確答案為B。

Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.

20.[A] puzzled by [B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about [D]unprepared for

20. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，在句子中構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。句子敘述到Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was __ self-rule and democracy. “平等的情緒通常被緩解，這是由于擔(dān)心大眾…自治和民主。”

選項(xiàng)A. puzzled by 困惑;

B. hostile to 敵對(duì);

C. pessimistic to 悲觀;

D. unprepared to 未準(zhǔn)備好。

本段前文一直在提人人平等，最后一句指出一種擔(dān)心情緒：大眾未對(duì)自治和民主做好準(zhǔn)備。由于新的獨(dú)立的人們剛剛擺脫了殖民統(tǒng)治，因此人們還沒(méi)有充分了解和熟悉自治和民主，這里使用unprepared for符合語(yǔ)境。因此，正確答案為D。

全文翻譯到了1830年，原來(lái)的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地變成了獨(dú)立的。這些的大約2千萬(wàn)居民對(duì)未來(lái)充滿期待。許多獨(dú)立的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在舊政權(quán)和伊比利亞殖民注意岌岌可危時(shí)出生，他們都認(rèn)同議會(huì)制政府，向人才開(kāi)放職業(yè)，商業(yè)貿(mào)易自由，私有財(cái)產(chǎn)所有權(quán)，認(rèn)為個(gè)人是社會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)。他們普遍認(rèn)為新應(yīng)該是獨(dú)立的主權(quán)，足夠大，能夠在經(jīng)濟(jì)上切實(shí)可行，由一套共同法律讓各個(gè)新的獨(dú)立聯(lián)合起來(lái)。

但是，在宗教自由和教會(huì)地位這個(gè)問(wèn)題上，各國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間存在著分歧。羅馬天主教過(guò)去是西班牙國(guó)教，是得到西班牙王室承認(rèn)的宗教。多數(shù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人致力于保留天主教為新的宗教，而一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人致力于終結(jié)不能有其他宗教信仰的狀況。保衛(wèi)教會(huì)成為保守勢(shì)力的戰(zhàn)斗口號(hào)。

獨(dú)立早期管理者們的理想通常是平等主義，重視一切平等。玻利瓦爾得到海地的援助，作為回報(bào)，他承諾在自己解放的地區(qū)廢除奴隸制。到了1854年，除了西班牙前殖民地外，奴隸制在其他地區(qū)都已被廢除。對(duì)結(jié)素印地安人的上貢問(wèn)題和對(duì)混血人種的稅收問(wèn)題的早期承諾較晚才實(shí)現(xiàn)，這是因?yàn)樾陋?dú)立的仍然需要這些政策所帶來(lái)的稅收收入。平等的情緒通常由于擔(dān)心大眾沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備好自治和民主而有所緩解。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：

Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament.you would most likely fend a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.

What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses：a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.

Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment，nearly 30 years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject，after about 20 hours of training，his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”

This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined，was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather, it involves sexing specific goals，obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer.They gather all the data they can，not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments、^rim high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.

21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to____.

A. stress the importance of professional training.

B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.

C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.

D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

22.The word “mania”(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means____.

A. fun B. craze C. hysteria D. excitement

23.According to Ericsson，good memory____.

A. depends on meaningful processing of information.

B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that____.

A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

D. high achievers owe their Success mostly to nurture.

25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

A. “Faith will move mountains.” B. “One reaps what one sows.”

C. “Practice makes perfect.” D. “Like father，like son.”

文章解析：根據(jù)中心統(tǒng)一原則確定，

文章首段主題句是If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.如果你查一下參加2006年世界杯足球錦標(biāo)賽的每位運(yùn)動(dòng)員的出生證明，就極可能發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)值得注意的奇怪現(xiàn)象：出色的運(yùn)動(dòng)員一般出生在一年內(nèi)的前幾個(gè)月而不是后幾個(gè)月。

第二段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是What might account for this strange phenomenon?　如何解釋這一奇怪現(xiàn)象呢?

第三段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above”. Anders Ericsson是佛羅里達(dá)州立大學(xué)的心理學(xué)教授，他堅(jiān)信前三種推測(cè)不成立。

第四段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.后來(lái)進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的，這些結(jié)果與第一次實(shí)驗(yàn)的成功一起讓Ericsson 得出結(jié)論，記憶行為與其說(shuō)是一種直覺(jué)行為不如說(shuō)是一種認(rèn)知行為。

第五段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.換一種方式來(lái)說(shuō)，那些希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)的從業(yè)者，無(wú)論是記憶力超群者，還是希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)外科醫(yī)生，無(wú)論是卓越的芭蕾舞演員，還是出色的計(jì)算機(jī)程序員，他們幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章圍繞著希賽網(wǎng)是如何培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的來(lái)展開(kāi)。

題目解析：

21.結(jié)構(gòu)題The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to_____.

選項(xiàng)A. stress the importance of professional training.

強(qiáng)調(diào)職業(yè)培訓(xùn)的重要性。

B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.

突出世界杯中的超級(jí)巨星。

C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.

引出如何造就希賽網(wǎng)表現(xiàn)的主題。

D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

解釋為什么一些球隊(duì)比另外一些球隊(duì)踢得好。

該題作為結(jié)構(gòu)題將例子“The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players”定位到文章第一段If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)題方位論原則，找例子對(duì)應(yīng)的論點(diǎn)句。整個(gè)第一段都是例子。例子后面相鄰的段落，即第二段是對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象解釋的猜想。因此，我們可以大膽得出結(jié)論，文章的結(jié)構(gòu)可能是“分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)，文章主題體現(xiàn)在文章的尾段中。尾段主題句為Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.“換一種方式來(lái)說(shuō)，那些希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)的從業(yè)者，無(wú)論是記憶力超群者，還是希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)外科醫(yī)生，無(wú)論是卓越的芭蕾舞演員，還是出色的計(jì)算機(jī)程序員，他們幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生?！本C上所述，正確答案為C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.引出如何造就希賽網(wǎng)表現(xiàn)的主題。(補(bǔ)充：文章首段/首句含義是什么?這種提問(wèn)方式確定答案對(duì)應(yīng)文章的中心思想。)

22.識(shí)詞題The word “mania”(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means_____.

選項(xiàng)A. fun娛樂(lè) B. craze狂燥，狂熱

C. hysteria歇斯底里 D. excitement興奮

該題將識(shí)別的詞匯“mania”在文章中定位到第二段What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses：a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.作為識(shí)詞題，按照“方位論原則”：在識(shí)別詞匯后面找表示“解釋說(shuō)明，邏輯關(guān)系”的表達(dá)，或者向前面找平行結(jié)構(gòu)。在詞匯后面沒(méi)有任何解釋說(shuō)明或邏輯關(guān)系的表達(dá)。因此，向前面找平行結(jié)構(gòu)soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，“對(duì)足球狂熱的父母可能在春天這個(gè)一年之中足球狂熱的高峰期孕育子女”。因此答案應(yīng)選B. craze狂燥，狂熱。

23.細(xì)節(jié)題According to Ericsson，good memory_____.

選項(xiàng)A. depends on meaningful processing of information.

依靠有意義的信息處理過(guò)程。

B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

由于天生而不是認(rèn)知練習(xí)。

C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

由基因決定而不是心理因素。

D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

需要立刻反饋并且注意力高度集中。

該題利用“Ericsson”粗略定位到文章第三段Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above”. Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment，nearly 30 years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject，after about 20 hours of training，his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”但是整個(gè)段落中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)定位詞 “good memory” 。繼續(xù)定位到文章第四段 This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.“后來(lái)進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的，這些結(jié)果與第一次實(shí)驗(yàn)的成功一起讓Ericsson 得出結(jié)論，記憶行為與其說(shuō)是一種直覺(jué)行為不如說(shuō)是一種認(rèn)知行為?！?選項(xiàng)A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意義的信息處理過(guò)程，與定位的語(yǔ)句動(dòng)作“實(shí)驗(yàn)表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的， Ericsson 得出結(jié)論記憶行為與其說(shuō)是一種直覺(jué)行為不如說(shuō)是一種認(rèn)知行為”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.由于天生而不是認(rèn)知練習(xí)，與定位的語(yǔ)句動(dòng)作“實(shí)驗(yàn)表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的， Ericsson 得出結(jié)論記憶行為與其說(shuō)是一種直覺(jué)行為不如說(shuō)是一種認(rèn)知行為”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.由基因決定而不是心理因素，與定位的語(yǔ)句動(dòng)作“實(shí)驗(yàn)表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的， Ericsson 得出結(jié)論記憶行為與其說(shuō)是一種直覺(jué)行為不如說(shuō)是一種認(rèn)知行為”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.需要立刻反饋并且注意力高度集中，與定位的語(yǔ)句動(dòng)作“實(shí)驗(yàn)表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的， Ericsson 得出結(jié)論記憶行為與其說(shuō)是一種直覺(jué)行為不如說(shuō)是一種認(rèn)知行為”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。該句子與四個(gè)選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有直接聯(lián)系，作為細(xì)節(jié)題，定位詞所在的句子不能確定答案時(shí)，向下繼續(xù)找信息。下面相鄰的句子In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.“換句話說(shuō)，不管兩個(gè)人在記憶能力方面表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的先天差異有多大，這種差異都會(huì)被每個(gè)人解碼信息能力的強(qiáng)弱所掩蓋。” 選項(xiàng)A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意義的信息處理過(guò)程，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“記憶能力的差異會(huì)被人的解碼信息能力的強(qiáng)弱所掩蓋”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動(dòng)作“依靠信息處理過(guò)程”對(duì)應(yīng)于 “被解碼信息能力所掩蓋”，體現(xiàn)“主動(dòng)被動(dòng)替換”的關(guān)系;選項(xiàng)B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.由于天生而不是認(rèn)知練習(xí)，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“記憶能力的差異會(huì)被人的解碼信息能力的強(qiáng)弱所掩蓋”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.由基因決定而不是心理因素，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“記憶能力的差異會(huì)被人的解碼信息能力的強(qiáng)弱所掩蓋”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.需要立刻反饋并且注意力高度集中，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“記憶能力的差異會(huì)被人的解碼信息能力的強(qiáng)弱所掩蓋”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。因此，正確答案為A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意義的信息處理過(guò)程。

24.細(xì)節(jié)題Ericsson and his colleagues believe that_____.

選項(xiàng)A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

天賦是職業(yè)成功的決定因素。

B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

生物表格中的數(shù)據(jù)是出色表現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵。

C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

天賦的作用被忽略了。

D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.

卓越的成功者將其成功歸咎與后天的培育。

該題利用定位詞“Ericsson and his colleagues”定位到文章尾段Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer.They gather all the data they can，not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiment with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.題目明確提問(wèn)他們得出的結(jié)論是什么?因此段落中，段尾句Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.“換一種方式來(lái)說(shuō)，那些希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)的從業(yè)者，無(wú)論是記憶力超群者，還是希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)外科醫(yī)生，無(wú)論是卓越的芭蕾舞演員，還是出色的計(jì)算機(jī)程序員，他們幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生?！?選項(xiàng)A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success. 天賦是職業(yè)成功的決定因素，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)從業(yè)者幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生的”完全相悖;選項(xiàng)B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.生物表格中的數(shù)據(jù)是出色表現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)從業(yè)者幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生的”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.天賦的作用被忽略了，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)從業(yè)者幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生的”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.卓越的成功者將其成功歸咎與后天的培育，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)從業(yè)者幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生的”完全對(duì)應(yīng)。因此，正確答案為D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.卓越的成功者將其成功歸咎與后天的培育。

25.主旨題Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

選項(xiàng)A. “Faith will move mountains” 精誠(chéng)所至，金石為開(kāi)。

B. “One reaps what one sows” 一份耕耘，一份收獲。

C. “Practice makes perfect” 熟能生巧。

D. “Like father，like son” 有其父必有其子。

作為主旨題要明確找到文章每個(gè)段落的主題句。通過(guò)前面四道題目的定位和分析理解不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)為“分—總”，文章的主題體現(xiàn)在尾段的主題句中。因此，相關(guān)信息句仍然是段尾句Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.“換一種方式來(lái)說(shuō)，那些希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)的從業(yè)者，無(wú)論是記憶力超群者，還是希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)外科醫(yī)生，無(wú)論是卓越的芭蕾舞演員，還是出色的計(jì)算機(jī)程序員，他們幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生?！?因此，正確答案為C. “Practice makes perfect” 熟能生巧。(補(bǔ)充：本題目作為主旨題也可以用中心統(tǒng)一原則提煉的確定各段內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句來(lái)確定答案。)

全文翻譯如果你查一下參加2006年世界杯足球錦標(biāo)賽的每位運(yùn)動(dòng)員的出生證明，就極可能發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)值得注意的怪現(xiàn)象：出色的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員往往出生在一年內(nèi)的前幾個(gè)月而不是后幾個(gè)月。如果你再查一下為世界杯和職業(yè)球隊(duì)輸送球員的歐洲青年隊(duì)的出生證明，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象更加明顯。

如果何解釋這一怪現(xiàn)象呢?這里有幾種猜測(cè)：1)某些星象跡象賦予這些人出色的球技;2)冬天出生的孩子氧容量高，因此踢足球的耐力好;3)對(duì)足球狂熱的父母更可能在春天這個(gè)一年之中足球狂熱的高峰期孕育子女;4)以上猜測(cè)都不成立。

Anders Ericsson是佛羅里達(dá)州立大學(xué)的心理學(xué)教授，他堅(jiān)信前三種推測(cè)均不成立。Ericsson在瑞典長(zhǎng)大，開(kāi)始時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)核工程，直到他意識(shí)到如果自己改學(xué)心理學(xué)，就會(huì)有更多的機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行自己的研究。大約30年前他做了第一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，與記憶力相關(guān)：訓(xùn)練一個(gè)人聽(tīng)，然后復(fù)述一組隨機(jī)的數(shù)字。他回憶到：“在經(jīng)過(guò)大約20個(gè)小時(shí)的訓(xùn)練后，第一個(gè)受試者的數(shù)字記憶跨度從7個(gè)上升至20個(gè)，他不斷地進(jìn)步，在經(jīng)過(guò)大約200個(gè)小時(shí)的訓(xùn)練后，他記憶的數(shù)字超過(guò)了80個(gè)。”

后來(lái)進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明了記憶力本身不是由基因決定的，這些結(jié)果與第一次實(shí)驗(yàn)的成功一起讓Ericsson得出結(jié)論，記憶行為與其說(shuō)是一種直覺(jué)行為，不如說(shuō)是一種認(rèn)知行為。換句話說(shuō)，不管兩個(gè)人的記憶能力方面表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的先天差異有多大，這些差異都會(huì)被每個(gè)人解碼信息能力的強(qiáng)弱所掩蓋。Ericsson認(rèn)為，學(xué)習(xí)有意義地解碼信息的最好方式就是一個(gè)被稱為“有意練習(xí)”的過(guò)程。“有意練習(xí)”需要的不僅僅是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)一項(xiàng)任務(wù)，而是要確立特定目標(biāo)，獲得即時(shí)反饋，既關(guān)注結(jié)果又關(guān)注技巧。

因而，Ericsson和他的同事開(kāi)始研究不同領(lǐng)域的技藝精湛的從業(yè)者，包括足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。他們收集所有能夠得到的數(shù)據(jù)，不僅是他們的表現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)，個(gè)人生活細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容，還包括對(duì)于那些取得大成就的人的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果。他們的研究結(jié)論令人吃驚：我們對(duì)通常認(rèn)為的天賦評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)高。換一種方式來(lái)說(shuō)，那些希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)的從業(yè)者，無(wú)論記憶力超群者，還是希賽網(wǎng)級(jí)外科醫(yī)生，無(wú)論是卓越的芭蕾舞演員還是出色的計(jì)算機(jī)程序員，他們幾乎都是后天練就的，而非天生的。

Text 2

For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn VOS Savant.Who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old;that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences.among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is 100) as，What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.

Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified，and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?

The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms：the StanfordBinet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars. they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web.Superhigh scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests.

Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions，but under high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?

A. Answering philosophical questions.

B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.

C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.

D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.

27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?

A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.

B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.

D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s because____.

A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.

B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.

C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.

D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that____.

A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.

B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.

D. traditional tests are out of date.

30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?

A. Supportive B. Skeptical C. Impartial D. Biased

文章解析：根據(jù)中心統(tǒng)一原則確定，

文章首段主題句是For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“ Ask Marilyn”. 在過(guò)去的幾年里，周日增刊Parade報(bào)紙中有一個(gè)特寫專欄“向Marilyn提問(wèn)”。

第二段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. 顯然，智力所包含的遠(yuǎn)不只是測(cè)試中的分?jǐn)?shù)。

第三段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.雖然智商測(cè)試不像過(guò)去用的那樣多了，但是對(duì)人類智力定義的仍然是智商數(shù)。

第四段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.Robert J.Sternberg認(rèn)為，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試可能不會(huì)評(píng)估對(duì)在學(xué)校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章圍繞著測(cè)試智商和智商數(shù)來(lái)展開(kāi)。

題目解析：

26.細(xì)節(jié)題Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?

選項(xiàng)A. Answering philosophical questions.

回答哲學(xué)問(wèn)題。

B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.

將紙折或剪成不同形狀。

C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.

區(qū)分特定概念的差別。

D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.

選擇與給定內(nèi)容相同的字或圖。

該題利用定位詞“intelligence test”定位到文章第一段IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences.among other similar tasks.“智商測(cè)試要求你完成語(yǔ)言和視覺(jué)類推，想象紙?jiān)谡郫B之后和剪裁之后的形狀，推斷數(shù)字順序以及其他的一些類似的任務(wù)?！?選項(xiàng)A. Answering philosophical questions.回答哲學(xué)問(wèn)題，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“完成語(yǔ)言和視覺(jué)類推，想象紙?jiān)谡郫B之后的形狀，推斷數(shù)字順序等”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.將紙折或剪成不同形狀，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“完成語(yǔ)言和視覺(jué)類推，想象紙?jiān)谡郫B之后的形狀，推斷數(shù)字順序等”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.區(qū)分特定概念的差別，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“完成語(yǔ)言和視覺(jué)類推，想象紙?jiān)谡郫B之后的形狀，推斷數(shù)字順序等”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.選擇與給定內(nèi)容相同的字或圖，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“完成語(yǔ)言和視覺(jué)類推，想象紙?jiān)谡郫B之后的形狀，推斷數(shù)字順序等”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動(dòng)作“擇與給定內(nèi)容相同的字或圖”對(duì)應(yīng)于“想象紙?jiān)谡郫B之后的形狀”體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系。因此，正確答案為D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.選擇與給定內(nèi)容相同的字或圖。

27.細(xì)節(jié)題What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?

選項(xiàng)A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.

人們不再用智商值表示智力了。

B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

網(wǎng)上有更多版本的智商測(cè)試。

C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.

成人和兒童的測(cè)試內(nèi)容和公式可能是不同的。

D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

科學(xué)家已經(jīng)定義了人類智力的重要因素。

該題利用定位詞“intelligence testing”定位到文章第三段The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web.Superhigh scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests.段落中前兩句提到了定位詞“intelligence testing”。第一句The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.“雖然智商測(cè)試不像過(guò)去用的那樣多了，但是對(duì)人類智力定義的仍然是智商數(shù)?！?選項(xiàng)A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.人們不再用智商值表示智力了，與該句的動(dòng)作“雖然智商測(cè)試不像過(guò)去用的那樣多了，但是對(duì)人類智力定義的仍然是智商數(shù)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.網(wǎng)上有更多版本的智商測(cè)試，與該句的動(dòng)作“雖然智商測(cè)試不像過(guò)去用的那樣多了，但是對(duì)人類智力定義的仍然是智商數(shù)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和兒童的測(cè)試內(nèi)容和公式可能是不同的，與該句的動(dòng)作“雖然智商測(cè)試不像過(guò)去用的那樣多了，但是對(duì)人類智力定義的仍然是智商數(shù)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.科學(xué)家已經(jīng)定義了人類智力的重要因素，與該句的動(dòng)作“雖然智商測(cè)試不像過(guò)去用的那樣多了，但是對(duì)人類智力定義的仍然是智商數(shù)”似乎有關(guān)聯(lián)，但是句子敘述到“定義智商的是智商數(shù)”，而該選項(xiàng)敘述到“定義人類智力的重要因素”，顯然完全沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。該句與四個(gè)選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有直接關(guān)系作為細(xì)節(jié)題向下繼續(xù)判斷相關(guān)信息句。第二句The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).“測(cè)試主要有兩種形式：一種是Stanford Binet智力量表，一種是Wechsler智力量表(兩個(gè)量表均有成人和兒童兩個(gè)版本)?！?選項(xiàng)A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.人們不再用智商值表示智力了，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“測(cè)試主要有兩種形式，一種是Stanford Binet智力量表，一種是Wechsler智力量表(兩個(gè)量表均有成人和兒童兩個(gè)版本)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.網(wǎng)上有更多版本的智商測(cè)試，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“測(cè)試主要有兩種形式，一種是Stanford Binet智力量表，一種是Wechsler智力量表(兩個(gè)量表均有成人和兒童兩個(gè)版本)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和兒童的測(cè)試內(nèi)容和公式可能是不同的，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“測(cè)試主要有兩種形式，一種是Stanford Binet智力量表，一種是Wechsler智力量表(兩個(gè)量表均有成人和兒童兩個(gè)版本)”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動(dòng)作“成人和兒童的測(cè)試內(nèi)容和公式可能是不同的”對(duì)應(yīng)于“兩個(gè)量表均有成人和兒童兩個(gè)版本”;選項(xiàng)D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.科學(xué)家已經(jīng)定義了人類智力的重要因素與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“測(cè)試主要有兩種形式，一種是Stanford Binet智力量表，一種是Wechsler智力量表(兩個(gè)量表均有成人和兒童兩個(gè)版本)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。因此，正確答案為C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和兒童的測(cè)試內(nèi)容和公式可能是不同的。

28.細(xì)節(jié)題People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s because_____.

選項(xiàng)A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.

分?jǐn)?shù)值是通過(guò)不同的計(jì)算程序獲得的。

B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.

強(qiáng)調(diào)的是創(chuàng)造力而不是分析能力。

C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.

Vos Savant的案例是個(gè)極端的案例而且不會(huì)重復(fù)。

D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

智商測(cè)試的特色已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化。

該題利用定位詞“IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s”定位到文章第三段Super high scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.“像vos Savant那樣的超數(shù)不可能再出現(xiàn)了，這是因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在的計(jì)分是建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字的基礎(chǔ)之上的，而不僅僅是用智力年齡除以生理年齡再乘以100得出的數(shù)值?！?選項(xiàng)A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.分?jǐn)?shù)值是通過(guò)不同的計(jì)算程序獲得的，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“現(xiàn)在的計(jì)分是建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字的基礎(chǔ)之上的，而不僅僅是用智力年齡除以生理年齡再乘以100得出的數(shù)值”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動(dòng)作“分?jǐn)?shù)值是通過(guò)不同的計(jì)算程序獲得的”對(duì)應(yīng)于“現(xiàn)在的計(jì)分是建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字的基礎(chǔ)之上的”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系;選項(xiàng)B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.強(qiáng)調(diào)的是創(chuàng)造力而不是分析能力，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“現(xiàn)在的計(jì)分是建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字的基礎(chǔ)之上的，而不僅僅是用智力年齡除以生理年齡再乘以100得出的數(shù)值”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.Vos Savant的案例是個(gè)極端的案例而且不會(huì)重復(fù)，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“現(xiàn)在的計(jì)分是建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字的基礎(chǔ)之上的，而不僅僅是用智力年齡除以生理年齡再乘以100得出的數(shù)值”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.智商測(cè)試的特色已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“現(xiàn)在的計(jì)分是建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字的基礎(chǔ)之上的，而不僅僅是用智力年齡除以生理年齡再乘以100得出的數(shù)值”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。因此，正確答案為A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.分?jǐn)?shù)值是通過(guò)不同的計(jì)算程序獲得的。

29.推斷題We can conclude from the last paragraph that_____.

選項(xiàng)A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.

測(cè)試值不能可靠的反映一個(gè)人的能力。

B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

智商值和SAT的結(jié)果是緊密關(guān)聯(lián)的。

C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.

測(cè)試包括許多猜測(cè)。

D. traditional tests are out of date.

傳統(tǒng)測(cè)試已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)了。

該題目作為推斷題，要明確找到指定的最后一段的主題句。根據(jù)“主題句---細(xì)節(jié)句原則”，文章尾段 Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions，but under high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.段落中間沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)折詞，段落尾句Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.“任何一個(gè)考過(guò)SAT的人都可以證實(shí)，考試技巧也是有關(guān)系的，要知道何時(shí)猜測(cè)，要跳過(guò)什么問(wèn)題?！泵鞔_是細(xì)節(jié)。 因此，段落的主題句為段首句Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.“Robert J.Sternberg認(rèn)為，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試可能不會(huì)評(píng)估對(duì)在學(xué)校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素?！?選項(xiàng)A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.測(cè)試值不能可靠的反映一個(gè)人的能力，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試可能不會(huì)評(píng)估對(duì)在學(xué)校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動(dòng)作“測(cè)試值不能可靠的反映一個(gè)人的能力”對(duì)應(yīng)于“不會(huì)評(píng)估對(duì)在學(xué)校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系;選項(xiàng)B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.智商值和SAT的結(jié)果是緊密關(guān)聯(lián)的，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試可能不會(huì)評(píng)估對(duì)在學(xué)校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.測(cè)試包括許多猜測(cè)，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試可能不會(huì)評(píng)估對(duì)在學(xué)校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)D. traditional tests are out of date.傳統(tǒng)測(cè)試已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)了，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試可能不會(huì)評(píng)估對(duì)在學(xué)校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。 因此，正確答案為A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.測(cè)試值不能可靠的反映一個(gè)人的能力。

30.主旨題What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?

選項(xiàng)A. Supportive支持的 B. Skeptical 懷疑的

C. Impartial 不偏不倚的 D. Biased 偏見(jiàn)的

該題作為主旨題表示作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的題目，要明確找到文章尾段的主題句或者倒數(shù)第二段的主題句。文章尾段主題句為Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.“Robert J.Sternberg認(rèn)為，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試可能不會(huì)評(píng)估對(duì)在學(xué)校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素?！笨梢?jiàn)，作者的態(tài)度是不確定的， 因此，正確答案為B. Skeptical 懷疑的。

全文翻譯在過(guò)去的幾年里，周日增刊Parade報(bào)紙有一個(gè)名為“向瑪里琳提問(wèn)”的特寫專欄。人們被邀請(qǐng)向Marilyn vos Aavant提問(wèn)，她在10歲時(shí)就參加了大約23歲人的智力測(cè)試，得出智商為228，那是有記錄以來(lái)的較。智商測(cè)試讓你完成語(yǔ)言和視覺(jué)類推，想象紙?jiān)谡郫B之后和剪裁之后的樣子，推論數(shù)字順序以及其他一些類似的任務(wù)。因此當(dāng)Savant即時(shí)回復(fù)來(lái)自普通人的一些問(wèn)題時(shí)有點(diǎn)兒令人困惑，這些問(wèn)題諸如：愛(ài)和喜歡之間的區(qū)別是什么?運(yùn)氣和巧合的本質(zhì)是什么?而那種想象物體和計(jì)算數(shù)字模式的能力如何讓人能夠回答連一些最好的詩(shī)人和哲學(xué)家都避之惟恐不及的問(wèn)題，這還不夠明朗。

顯然，智力所包含的遠(yuǎn)不只是測(cè)試中的分?jǐn)?shù)。那么聰明意味著什么呢?智力中有多大比例能夠詳細(xì)進(jìn)行解釋呢?我們又能夠從神經(jīng)學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和其他領(lǐng)域?qū)χ橇α私舛嗌倌?

雖然智商測(cè)試不像過(guò)去用的那樣多了，對(duì)人類智力進(jìn)行定義的仍然是智商數(shù)。測(cè)試主要采用兩種形式：一種是斯坦福—比奈智力量表，一種是溫切斯勒智力量表(兩個(gè)量表均有成人和兒童兩個(gè)版本)。盡管這兩種測(cè)試的改編版在書店和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上占有一席之地，它們通常只由心理學(xué)家進(jìn)行測(cè)試，花費(fèi)為幾百美元。像vos Savant那樣的超數(shù)不再可能出現(xiàn)，這是因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在的計(jì)分建立在同齡人的人口分布統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上，而不僅僅是用智力年齡除以勝利年齡再乘以100。其他一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試，如SAT和GRE，借鑒了智商測(cè)試的主要方面。

Robert J .Sternberg認(rèn)為，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試可能不會(huì)評(píng)估對(duì)在學(xué)校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。在他的“智商測(cè)試有多明智”一文中，Sternberg指出傳統(tǒng)的考試很好地評(píng)價(jià)了分析和語(yǔ)言能力，而沒(méi)有評(píng)估創(chuàng)造力和實(shí)踐知識(shí)，而后者對(duì)解決問(wèn)題和在生活中取得成功至關(guān)重要。此外，一旦人口或環(huán)境發(fā)生改變，智商測(cè)試就測(cè)得不準(zhǔn)確了。研究表明當(dāng)智商測(cè)試在壓力小的環(huán)境下進(jìn)行時(shí)，它能預(yù)測(cè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力。當(dāng)智商測(cè)試在壓力大的環(huán)境下進(jìn)行時(shí)，智商與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力負(fù)相關(guān)，即它預(yù)測(cè)的內(nèi)容正好相反。任何一個(gè)考過(guò)SAT的人都可以證實(shí)，考試技巧也是有關(guān)系的，要知道何時(shí)猜測(cè)，要跳過(guò)什么問(wèn)題。

Text 3

During the past generation，the American middle.class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip，a bad diagnosis，or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.

In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications Of these changes.but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two.paycheck status.As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back.up earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This “added worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather。bad times.But today，a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.

During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers，airline employees，and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates，stock market fluctuation，and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a Savings account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.For younger families，the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers，with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family，as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.

31.Today’s double income families are at greater financial risk in that____.

A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.

B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.

C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.

D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.

32.As a result of President Bush’s reform，retired people may have____.

A. a higher sense of security. B. less secured payments.

C. less chance to invest. D. a guaranteed future.

33.According to the author, health savings plans will____.

A. help reduce the cost of healthcare. B. popularize among the middle class.

C. compensate for the reduced pensions. D. increase the families’ investment risk.

34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that____.

A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.

B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.

C. financial problems may bring about political problems.

D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.

35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?

A. The Middle Class on the Alert B. The Middle Class on the Cliff

C. The Middle Class in Conflict D. The Middle Class in Ruins

文章解析：根據(jù)中心統(tǒng)一原則確定，

文章首段主題句是During the past generation，the American middle.class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.在上一代人中，曾經(jīng)依靠勤奮工作、公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)保持家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)安全的美國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭由于經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和新的現(xiàn)實(shí)而發(fā)生了變化。

第二段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.僅僅大約一代的時(shí)間，成百上千萬(wàn)的母親出去工作，改變了基本的家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)模式。

第三段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.同時(shí)，家庭在退休收入方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也提高了。

第四段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.經(jīng)濟(jì)的不良后果已經(jīng)開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠(yuǎn)了。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章圍繞著中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、退休金風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和醫(yī)療保障風(fēng)險(xiǎn)問(wèn)題來(lái)展開(kāi)。

題目解析：

31.細(xì)節(jié)題Today’s double income families are at greater financial risk in that_____.

選項(xiàng)A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.

他們過(guò)去所享受的安全網(wǎng)已經(jīng)消失了。

B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.

他們下崗的機(jī)會(huì)大大提高了。

C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.

他們更易受到家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)變化的影響。

D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.

他們被剝奪了失業(yè)險(xiǎn)和殘疾險(xiǎn)。

該題利用定位詞“double income families”和“financial risk”定位到文章第二段In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two.paycheck status.As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back.up earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This “added worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather。bad times.But today，a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.段落第一句In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.“僅僅大約一代的時(shí)間，成百上千萬(wàn)的母親出去工作，改變了基本的家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)模式?！闭f(shuō)明雙職工家庭的出現(xiàn)。隨后，下面第二句Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications Of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.“各行各業(yè)的學(xué)者、政策制定者和批評(píng)家們就這些變化的社會(huì)意義展開(kāi)了辯論，但是很少有人看到其副作用：家庭風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也提高了?！碧岬搅恕凹彝ワL(fēng)險(xiǎn)”，但是該句子沒(méi)有提到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生的原因。作為細(xì)節(jié)題，定位詞所在句如果沒(méi)有足夠信息，繼續(xù)向下找答案。下面As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback----a back-up earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.“現(xiàn)在的家庭預(yù)算達(dá)到了新的雙薪家庭的極限。結(jié)果，他們就失去了在經(jīng)濟(jì)困頓時(shí)期的保護(hù)傘---作為后備力量的賺錢者(通常是媽媽)。如果家庭主要經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱事業(yè)了或者生病了，這個(gè)后備軍可以進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)?！边x項(xiàng)A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.他們過(guò)去所享受的安全網(wǎng)已經(jīng)消失了，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“家庭預(yù)算達(dá)到新的雙薪家庭的極限，失去了在經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)期的保護(hù)傘，媽媽作為后備力量的賺錢者在必要時(shí)可以進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.他們下崗的機(jī)會(huì)大大提高了，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“家庭預(yù)算達(dá)到新的雙薪家庭的極限，失去了在經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)期的保護(hù)傘，媽媽作為后備力量的賺錢者在必要時(shí)可以進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.他們更易受到家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)變化的影響，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“家庭預(yù)算達(dá)到新的雙薪家庭的極限，失去了在經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)期的保護(hù)傘，媽媽作為后備力量的賺錢者在必要時(shí)可以進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動(dòng)作“更易受到家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)變化的影響”對(duì)應(yīng)于“失去了在經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)期的保護(hù)傘”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系;選項(xiàng)D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.他們被剝奪了失業(yè)險(xiǎn)和殘疾險(xiǎn)，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“家庭預(yù)算達(dá)到新的雙薪家庭的極限，失去了在經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)期的保護(hù)傘，媽媽作為后備力量的賺錢者在必要時(shí)可以進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。 因此，正確答案為C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.他們更易受到家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)變化的影響。

32.細(xì)節(jié)題As a result of President Bush’s reform，retired people may have_____.

選項(xiàng)A. a higher sense of security.更高的安全感。

B. less secured payments.更少的有保障的收入。

C. less chance to invest.更少的投資機(jī)會(huì)。

D. a guaranteed future.有保障的未來(lái)。

該題利用定位詞“President Bush’s reform”和“retired people”定位到文章第三段……For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a Savings account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns……“在過(guò)去的大部分時(shí)間里，布什總統(tǒng)致力于將社會(huì)保障推廣成儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶模式，讓退休人員將他們的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金變成依賴于回報(bào)率的投資回報(bào)?！?選項(xiàng)A. a higher sense of security.更高的安全感，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“致力于將社會(huì)保障推廣成儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶模式，讓退休人員將他們的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金變成依賴于回報(bào)率的投資回報(bào)” 相悖，將退休金轉(zhuǎn)變成依賴于回報(bào)率的投資無(wú)疑是一種存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的福利形式;選項(xiàng)B. less secured payments.更少的有保障的收入，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“致力于將社會(huì)保障推廣成儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶模式，讓退休人員將他們的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金變成依賴于回報(bào)率的投資回報(bào)” 相符合，將退休金轉(zhuǎn)變成依賴于回報(bào)率的投資無(wú)疑是一種存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的福利形式;選項(xiàng)C. less chance to invest.更少的投資機(jī)會(huì)，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“致力于將社會(huì)保障推廣成儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶模式，讓退休人員將他們的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金變成依賴于回報(bào)率的投資回報(bào)” 沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)D. a guaranteed future.有保障的未來(lái)，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“致力于將社會(huì)保障推廣成儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶模式，讓退休人員將他們的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金變成依賴于回報(bào)率的投資回報(bào)” 相悖，將退休金轉(zhuǎn)變成依賴于回報(bào)率的投資無(wú)疑是一種沒(méi)有保障的福利形式。因此，正確答案為B. less secured payments.更少的有保障的收入。

33.細(xì)節(jié)題According to the author, health savings plans will_____.

選項(xiàng)A. help reduce the cost of healthcare.有助于減少醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生成本。

B. popularize among the middle class.在中產(chǎn)階級(jí)中流行。

C. compensate for the reduced pensions.補(bǔ)償減少了的退休金。

D. increase the families’ investment risk.增加了家庭投資的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

該題利用定位詞“health savings plans”定位到文章第三段……Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers，with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare……“醫(yī)療的絕對(duì)支出和家庭需要承擔(dān)的部分都在提高---新的時(shí)髦的健康儲(chǔ)蓄計(jì)劃從立法大廳流傳到沃爾瑪職員那里，減免的部分增加了，會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來(lái)的醫(yī)療投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?！?選項(xiàng)A. help reduce the cost of healthcare.有助于減少醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生成本，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“醫(yī)療的絕對(duì)支出和家庭需要承擔(dān)的部分都在提高，新的時(shí)髦的健康儲(chǔ)蓄計(jì)劃從立法大廳流傳到沃爾瑪職員那里，減免的部分增加了，會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來(lái)的醫(yī)療投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)B. popularize among the middle class.在中產(chǎn)階級(jí)中流行，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“醫(yī)療的絕對(duì)支出和家庭需要承擔(dān)的部分都在提高，新的時(shí)髦的健康儲(chǔ)蓄計(jì)劃從立法大廳流傳到沃爾瑪職員那里，減免的部分增加了，會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來(lái)的醫(yī)療投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)C. compensate for the reduced pensions.補(bǔ)償減少了的退休金，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“醫(yī)療的絕對(duì)支出和家庭需要承擔(dān)的部分都在提高，新的時(shí)髦的健康儲(chǔ)蓄計(jì)劃從立法大廳流傳到沃爾瑪職員那里，減免的部分增加了，會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來(lái)的醫(yī)療投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)D. increase the families’ investment risk.增加了家庭投資的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“醫(yī)療的絕對(duì)支出和家庭需要承擔(dān)的部分都在提高，新的時(shí)髦的健康儲(chǔ)蓄計(jì)劃從立法大廳流傳到沃爾瑪職員那里，減免的部分增加了，會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來(lái)的醫(yī)療投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動(dòng)作“增加了家庭投資的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”對(duì)應(yīng)于“出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來(lái)的醫(yī)療投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系。因此，正確答案為D. increase the families’ investment risk.增加了家庭投資的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

34.推斷題It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_____.

選項(xiàng)A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.

經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)趨向于大于政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.

中產(chǎn)階級(jí)可能面對(duì)更大的政治挑戰(zhàn)。

C. financial problems may bring about political problems.

經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致政治問(wèn)題。

D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.

經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任反映政治地位。

該題目作為推斷題，要明確找到指定的最后一段的主題句。根據(jù)“主題句---細(xì)節(jié)句原則”，文章尾段From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.段落只有段首和段尾兩個(gè)句子。段落首句From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.“從中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭的角度來(lái)看，可以理解，前面提到的多數(shù)情況看起來(lái)并不像是一個(gè)承擔(dān)更多經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任的機(jī)會(huì)，而更像是一個(gè)將經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大規(guī)模轉(zhuǎn)移到他們已經(jīng)不堪重負(fù)的肩膀上的加速過(guò)程?！泵鞔_是細(xì)節(jié)。 因此，段落的主題句為段尾句The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.“經(jīng)濟(jì)的不良后果已經(jīng)開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠(yuǎn)了?！边x項(xiàng)A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)趨向于大于政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“經(jīng)濟(jì)的不良后果已經(jīng)開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠(yuǎn)了”相關(guān)聯(lián)，但是相關(guān)信息句中沒(méi)有將二者做比較;選項(xiàng)B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.中產(chǎn)階級(jí)可能面對(duì)更大的政治挑戰(zhàn)，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“經(jīng)濟(jì)的不良后果已經(jīng)開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠(yuǎn)了”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)C. financial problems may bring about political problems. 經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致政治問(wèn)題，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“經(jīng)濟(jì)的不良后果已經(jīng)開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠(yuǎn)了”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動(dòng)作“經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致政治問(wèn)題”對(duì)應(yīng)于“經(jīng)濟(jì)的不良后果已經(jīng)開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠(yuǎn)了”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系;選項(xiàng)D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任反映政治地位，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“經(jīng)濟(jì)的不良后果已經(jīng)開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠(yuǎn)了”似乎有關(guān)聯(lián)，但是相關(guān)信息句中敘述的是“政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”而不是“政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任”。因此，正確答案為C. financial problems may bring about political problems. 經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致政治問(wèn)題。

35.主旨題Which of the following is the best title for this text?

選項(xiàng)A. The Middle Class on the Alert 警惕著的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)

B. The Middle Class on the Cliff 岌岌可危的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)

C. The Middle Class in Conflict 沖突中的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)

D. The Middle Class in Ruins 已經(jīng)毀滅的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)

作為主旨題要明確找到文章每個(gè)段落的主題句。第一段During the past generation，the American middle-class family …h(huán)as been transformed by economic risk…“在上一代人中，曾經(jīng)依靠勤奮工作、公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)保持家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)安全的美國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭由于經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和新的現(xiàn)實(shí)而發(fā)生了變化?！钡诙蜪n just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.“僅僅大約一代的時(shí)間，成百上千萬(wàn)的母親出去工作，改變了基本的家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)模式?！钡谌蜠uring the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.“同時(shí)，家庭在退休收入方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也提高了?！钡谒亩蜹he financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.“經(jīng)濟(jì)的不良后果已經(jīng)開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠(yuǎn)了?！币虼耍_答案為B. The Middle Class on the Cliff 岌岌可危的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)。

全文翻譯在上一代人中，曾經(jīng)仰仗勤奮工作、公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)保持家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)安全的美國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭由于經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和新的現(xiàn)實(shí)而發(fā)生了變化?，F(xiàn)在一紙解雇通知書、一份病中診斷或夫妻離異都可能讓一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的中產(chǎn)家庭在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)變成新的貧困戶。

僅僅大約一代的時(shí)間，成百上千萬(wàn)的母親出去工作，改變了基本的家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)模式。各行各業(yè)的學(xué)者、政策制定者和批評(píng)家們就這些變化的社會(huì)意義展開(kāi)辯論，但是很少有人看到其副作用：家庭風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也提高了?，F(xiàn)在的家庭預(yù)算達(dá)到了新的雙薪家庭的極限。結(jié)果，他們就失去了在經(jīng)濟(jì)困頓時(shí)期具有的保護(hù)傘——作為后備力量的賺錢者(通常是媽媽)。如果家庭主要經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱失業(yè)了或者生病了，這個(gè)后備軍可以進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)。這個(gè)“附加的勞動(dòng)力效果”會(huì)對(duì)由失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)和傷殘保險(xiǎn)組成的安全網(wǎng)構(gòu)成支持，幫助家庭渡過(guò)難關(guān)。但現(xiàn)在，家庭財(cái)富的中斷不能再得到彌補(bǔ)，過(guò)去，這種彌補(bǔ)通過(guò)是由一個(gè)在正常情況下賦閑在家的伴侶出去工作獲得的。

同時(shí)，家庭在退休收入方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也提高了。鋼鐵工人、航空公司職員，現(xiàn)在還有汽車企業(yè)員工都在擔(dān)心利率，股票市場(chǎng)的波動(dòng)以及自己會(huì)在有生之年花光退休金的嚴(yán)酷現(xiàn)實(shí)，這樣的家庭有成百上千萬(wàn)個(gè)。在過(guò)去的大部分時(shí)間里，布什總統(tǒng)致力于將社會(huì)保障推廣成儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶模式，讓退休人員將他們的大部分或全部有保障的退休金變成依賴于回報(bào)率的投資回報(bào)。對(duì)于較年輕的家庭，情況沒(méi)有好轉(zhuǎn)。醫(yī)療的絕對(duì)支出和家庭需要承擔(dān)的部分都在提高——新的時(shí)髦的健康儲(chǔ)蓄計(jì)劃從立法大廳流傳到沃爾瑪職員那里，減免的部分增加了，會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些新的大的家庭未來(lái)的醫(yī)療投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。甚至人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的結(jié)果也對(duì)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭不利，因?yàn)槿绻幸粋€(gè)年老力衰的父母親，隨之而來(lái)的照料所需要的精力和財(cái)力在一代的時(shí)間內(nèi)也增加了八倍。

從中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭的角度來(lái)看，可以理解，前面提到的多數(shù)情況看起來(lái)不像是一個(gè)承擔(dān)更多經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任的機(jī)會(huì)，而更像是一個(gè)將經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大規(guī)模轉(zhuǎn)移到他們已經(jīng)不堪重負(fù)的肩膀上的加速過(guò)程。經(jīng)濟(jì)的不良后果已經(jīng)開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)，政治影響可能也不遠(yuǎn)了。

Text 4

It never rains but it pours.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them-especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity.Left，until now, to odd，low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking，telecoms and air travel，information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.

Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California，Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.

“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset，”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school.“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value，which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”.Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment 1evel for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue，not a technical one,” he says.

The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust，that most valuable of economic assets.is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore——and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.

The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone.even the victim，when data went astray.That may change fast：lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington，D.C.Meanwhile，the theft of information about some 40 million credit.card accounts in America.disclosed on June 17th.overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.

36.The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce____.

A. the fierce business competition.

B. the feeble boss-board relations.

C. the threat from news reports.

D. the severity of data leakage.

37.According to Paragraph 2，some organizations check their systems to find out____.

A. whether there is any weak point.

B. what sort of data has been stolen.

C. who is responsible for the leakage.

D. how the potential spies can be located.

38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that____.

A. shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.

B. information protection should be given due attention.

C. businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.

D. the market value of customer data should be emphasized.

39.According to Paragraph 4，what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to____.

A. see the link between trust and data protection.

B. perceive the sensitivity of personal data.

C. realize the high cost of data restoration.

D. appreciate the economic value of trust.

40.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that____.

A. data leakage is more severe in Europe.

B. FTC’s decision is essential to data security.

C. California，takes the lead in security legislation.

D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.

文章解析：根據(jù)中心統(tǒng)一原則確定，

文章首段主題句是Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them--especially in America--the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity.當(dāng)老板和董事們剛剛整頓好糟糕的財(cái)務(wù)和規(guī)章問(wèn)題，加強(qiáng)了薄弱的公司機(jī)制后，新的“數(shù)據(jù)不安全”問(wèn)題可能讓他們特別是在美國(guó)成為報(bào)紙惡毒的頭版頭條，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，這會(huì)導(dǎo)致執(zhí)行官們走馬換任。

第二段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.今年幾宗大的客戶和雇員數(shù)據(jù)的泄露事件讓經(jīng)理們趕緊盯著他們復(fù)雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷。

第三段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.確實(shí)，正如有公認(rèn)的財(cái)會(huì)準(zhǔn)則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時(shí)候了。紐約哥倫比亞大學(xué)商學(xué)院的Eli Noam提出如是建議。

第四段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.令人費(fèi)解的是這一問(wèn)題似乎讓老板們大吃一驚。

第五段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語(yǔ)句是The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.現(xiàn)在這種狀況，雖然不合理，可能會(huì)由于缺乏對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國(guó)缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章圍繞著數(shù)據(jù)信息泄露來(lái)展開(kāi)。

題目解析：

36.結(jié)構(gòu)題The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce_____.

選項(xiàng)A. the fierce business competition.激烈的商業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

B. the feeble boss-board relations.淡薄的老板與董事關(guān)系。

C. the threat from news reports.來(lái)自新聞報(bào)道的威脅。

D. the severity of data leakage.數(shù)據(jù)泄露的嚴(yán)重性。

注意：“文章首段借用某人的話目的是什么?”這種提問(wèn)方式是一種特殊題型，答案對(duì)應(yīng)的相關(guān)信息句為文章的中心思想。文章第一段主題句：Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them--especially in America--the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity.“當(dāng)老板和董事們剛剛整頓好糟糕的財(cái)務(wù)和規(guī)章問(wèn)題，加強(qiáng)了薄弱的公司機(jī)制后，新的“數(shù)據(jù)不安全”問(wèn)題可能讓他們特別是在美國(guó)成為報(bào)紙惡毒的頭版頭條，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，這會(huì)導(dǎo)致執(zhí)行官們走馬換任?！蔽恼碌诙沃黝}句Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“今年幾宗大的客戶和雇員數(shù)據(jù)的泄露事件讓經(jīng)理們趕緊盯著他們復(fù)雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷?！钡谌沃黝}句為Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“確實(shí)，正如有公認(rèn)的財(cái)會(huì)準(zhǔn)則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時(shí)候了。紐約哥倫比亞大學(xué)商學(xué)院的Eli Noam提出如是建議?！?。第四段主題句為The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.“令人費(fèi)解的是這一問(wèn)題似乎讓老板們大吃一驚”。第五段主題句為The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.“現(xiàn)在這種狀況，雖然不合理，可能會(huì)由于缺乏對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國(guó)缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)?！?可見(jiàn)，這篇文章談到數(shù)據(jù)泄露的問(wèn)題。因此，正確答案為D. the severity of data leakage. 數(shù)據(jù)泄露的嚴(yán)重性。

37.細(xì)節(jié)題According to Paragraph 2，some organizations check their systems to find out_____.

選項(xiàng)A. whether there is any weak point.是否存在任何弱點(diǎn)。

B. what sort of data has been stolen.什么類型的數(shù)據(jù)被盜。

C. who is responsible for the leakage.誰(shuí)為數(shù)據(jù)泄露負(fù)責(zé)。

D. how the potential spies can be located.怎樣定位潛在的間諜。

該題利用定位詞“some organizations”定位到文章第二段Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California，Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“今年幾宗大的客戶和雇員數(shù)據(jù)的泄露事件，包括時(shí)代華納，美國(guó)國(guó)防承包商國(guó)際科學(xué)應(yīng)用公司，甚至加州大學(xué)伯克利分校等差異如此之大的機(jī)構(gòu)，讓經(jīng)理們趕緊盯著他們復(fù)雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷?！?選項(xiàng)A. whether there is any weak point.是否存在任何弱點(diǎn)，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“讓經(jīng)理們趕緊盯著他們復(fù)雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動(dòng)作“是否存在弱點(diǎn)”對(duì)應(yīng)于“搜索可能的安全缺陷”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系;選項(xiàng)B. what sort of data has been stolen.什么類型的數(shù)據(jù)被盜，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“讓經(jīng)理們趕緊盯著他們復(fù)雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián)，選項(xiàng)中強(qiáng)調(diào)“數(shù)據(jù)類型”而語(yǔ)句中表達(dá)“是否有安全缺陷”;選項(xiàng)C. who is responsible for the leakage.誰(shuí)為數(shù)據(jù)泄露負(fù)責(zé)，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“讓經(jīng)理們趕緊盯著他們復(fù)雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)D. how the potential spies can be located.怎樣定位潛在的間諜，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“讓經(jīng)理們趕緊盯著他們復(fù)雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能的安全缺陷”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。因此，答案為A. whether there is any weak point.是否存在任何弱點(diǎn)。

38.細(xì)節(jié)題In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that_____.

選項(xiàng)A. shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.

持股人的利益應(yīng)當(dāng)受到妥善保護(hù)。

B. information protection should be given due attention.

應(yīng)當(dāng)全力注意保護(hù)信息。

C. businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.

商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該提高計(jì)算安全級(jí)別。

D. the market value of customer data should be emphasized.

顧客數(shù)據(jù)的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值應(yīng)該得到重視。

該題利用定位詞“the concept of GASP”定位到文章第三段Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)，perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“確實(shí)，正如有公認(rèn)的財(cái)會(huì)準(zhǔn)則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時(shí)候了。紐約哥倫比亞大學(xué)商學(xué)院的Eli Noam提出如是建議?！?選項(xiàng)A. shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to. 持股人的利益應(yīng)當(dāng)受到妥善保護(hù)，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“正如有公認(rèn)的財(cái)會(huì)準(zhǔn)則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時(shí)候了”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián)，文章中敘述到保護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)信息不被泄露，而該選項(xiàng)卻敘述到保護(hù)持股人的利益;選項(xiàng)B. information protection should be given due attention.應(yīng)當(dāng)全力注意保護(hù)信息，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“正如有公認(rèn)的財(cái)會(huì)準(zhǔn)則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時(shí)候了”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動(dòng)作“注意保護(hù)信息”對(duì)應(yīng)于“應(yīng)該有公共安全慣例”;選項(xiàng)C. businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該提高計(jì)算安全級(jí)別，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“正如有公認(rèn)的財(cái)會(huì)準(zhǔn)則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時(shí)候了”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)D. the market value of customer data should be emphasized.顧客數(shù)據(jù)的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值應(yīng)該得到重視，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“正如有公認(rèn)的財(cái)會(huì)準(zhǔn)則一樣，到了有公共安全慣例的時(shí)候了”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。因此，正確答案為B. information protection should be given due attention.應(yīng)當(dāng)全力注意保護(hù)信息。

39.細(xì)節(jié)題According to Paragraph 4，what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to_____.

選項(xiàng)A. see the link between trust and data protection.

看到信任和數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)的聯(lián)系。

B. perceive the sensitivity of personal data.

理解個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)的敏感性。

C. realize the high cost of data restoration.

意識(shí)到數(shù)據(jù)儲(chǔ)存的巨大成本。

D. appreciate the economic value of trust.

欣賞信任的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。

該題利用定位詞“some bosses”定位到文章第四段The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust，that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore——and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.“令人費(fèi)解的是這一問(wèn)題似乎讓老板們大吃一驚。想必最遲鈍的老板也明白，信任是最有價(jià)值的資產(chǎn)，它很容易被毀掉，而修復(fù)信任需要花費(fèi)巨資。沒(méi)有什么能比一家公司讓敏感的個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)流到別有用心的人手里更能毀掉信任了?！?選項(xiàng)A. see the link between trust and data protection.看到信任和數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)的聯(lián)系，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“信任是最有價(jià)值的資產(chǎn)，它很容易被毀掉，而修復(fù)信任需要花費(fèi)巨資。沒(méi)有什么能比一家公司讓敏感的個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)流到別有用心的人手里更能毀掉信任了”相關(guān)聯(lián)，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系;選項(xiàng)B. perceive the sensitivity of personal data. 理解個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)的敏感性，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“信任是最有價(jià)值的資產(chǎn)，它很容易被毀掉，而修復(fù)信任需要花費(fèi)巨資。沒(méi)有什么能比一家公司讓敏感的個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)流到別有用心的人手里更能毀掉信任了”沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)，相關(guān)信息句中沒(méi)有涉及“個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)的敏感性”;選項(xiàng)C. realize the high cost of data restoration.意識(shí)到數(shù)據(jù)儲(chǔ)存的巨大成本，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“信任是最有價(jià)值的資產(chǎn)，它很容易被毀掉，而修復(fù)信任需要花費(fèi)巨資。沒(méi)有什么能比一家公司讓敏感的個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)流到別有用心的人手里更能毀掉信任了”沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)，相關(guān)信息句中沒(méi)有涉及“數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)的成本”;D. appreciate the economic value of trust.欣賞信任的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“信任是最有價(jià)值的資產(chǎn)，它很容易被毀掉，而修復(fù)信任需要花費(fèi)巨資。沒(méi)有什么能比一家公司讓敏感的個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)流到別有用心的人手里更能毀掉信任了”沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)，相關(guān)信息句中沒(méi)有涉及“信任的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值”。因此，答案為A. see the link between trust and data protection.看到信任和數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)的聯(lián)系。

40.推斷題It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that_____.

選項(xiàng)A. data leakage is more severe in Europe.

數(shù)據(jù)泄露在歐洲更加嚴(yán)重。

B. FTC’s decision is essential to data security.

FTC的決定對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)安全至關(guān)重要。

C. California takes the lead in security legislation.

加州在安全法規(guī)方面居于領(lǐng)先地位。

D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.

法律懲罰是解決數(shù)據(jù)泄露的主要方法。

該題目作為推斷題，要明確找到指定的最后一段的主題句。根據(jù)“主題句---細(xì)節(jié)句原則”，文章尾段The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim，when data went astray.That may change fast：lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington，D.C.Meanwhile，the theft of information about some 40 million credit.card accounts in America.disclosed on June 17th， overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.段落中間沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)折詞，段落尾句Meanwhile，the theft of information about some 40 million credit.card accounts in America.disclosed on June 17th， overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.“同時(shí)，6月17日公布的美國(guó)大約4千萬(wàn)信用卡帳戶信息失竊事件讓一天前美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)公布的一個(gè)重要決定黯然失色，該決定通知美國(guó)公司如果不能提供充分的數(shù)據(jù)保障，就會(huì)按章懲罰?！泵鞔_是細(xì)節(jié)。 因此，段落的主題句為段首句The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe)for data leakage.“現(xiàn)在這種狀況，雖然不合理，可能會(huì)由于缺乏對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國(guó)缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)?！边x項(xiàng)A. data leakage is more severe in Europe.數(shù)據(jù)泄露在歐洲更加嚴(yán)重，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“可能會(huì)由于缺乏對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國(guó)缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)”似乎有關(guān)聯(lián)，但是相關(guān)信息句中沒(méi)有將數(shù)據(jù)泄露的嚴(yán)重性進(jìn)行比較;選項(xiàng)B. FTC’s decision is essential to data security.FTC的決定對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)安全至關(guān)重要，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“可能會(huì)由于缺乏對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國(guó)缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)C. California takes the lead in security legislation. 加州在安全法規(guī)方面居于領(lǐng)先地位，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“可能會(huì)由于缺乏對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國(guó)缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)”沒(méi)有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項(xiàng)D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.法律懲罰是解決數(shù)據(jù)泄露的主要方法，與相關(guān)信息句動(dòng)作“可能會(huì)由于缺乏對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)泄露的法律制裁而加劇(是美國(guó)缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)”相關(guān)聯(lián)，體現(xiàn)“肯定與否定替換”的關(guān)系。因此，正確答案為D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.法律懲罰是解決數(shù)據(jù)泄露的主要方法。

全文翻譯不雨則已，一雨傾盆。當(dāng)老板和董事們剛剛整頓好最糟糕的財(cái)務(wù)和規(guī)章問(wèn)題，加強(qiáng)了薄弱的公司機(jī)制之后，新的“數(shù)據(jù)不安全”問(wèn)題可能讓他們特別是在美國(guó)成為報(bào)紙惡毒的頭版頭條，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，這會(huì)導(dǎo)致執(zhí)行官們走馬換任。直到現(xiàn)在，信息保護(hù)還只是臨時(shí)的，低級(jí)IT員工的工作，只是在數(shù)據(jù)量大的行業(yè)諸如銀行業(yè)，電信業(yè)，航空公司受到重視，而現(xiàn)在卻高高列在各行各業(yè)老板們的日程表上。

今年幾宗大的客戶和雇員數(shù)據(jù)的泄露事件，包括時(shí)代華納，美國(guó)國(guó)防承包商國(guó)際科學(xué)應(yīng)用公司，甚至加州大學(xué)伯克利分校等差異如此大的機(jī)構(gòu)，讓經(jīng)理們趕緊盯著他們復(fù)雜的IT系統(tǒng)和商業(yè)流程，以搜索可能存在的安全缺陷。

斯坦福大學(xué)商業(yè)院的Haim Medelson說(shuō)，“數(shù)據(jù)正成為一種財(cái)產(chǎn)，需要像保護(hù)其他財(cái)產(chǎn)一樣保護(hù)它。保護(hù)客戶數(shù)據(jù)的能力對(duì)于市場(chǎng)價(jià)值至關(guān)重要，而市場(chǎng)價(jià)值是董事會(huì)應(yīng)該對(duì)股民負(fù)責(zé)的?！贝_實(shí)，正如有公認(rèn)的財(cái)會(huì)準(zhǔn)則(GAAP)一樣，到了有公認(rèn)安全慣例(GASP)的時(shí)候了。紐約哥倫比亞大學(xué)商學(xué)院的Eli Noam建議，“為數(shù)據(jù)安全，備份，恢復(fù)設(shè)立適當(dāng)?shù)耐顿Y標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一個(gè)管理問(wèn)題，不是技術(shù)問(wèn)題?！?/p>

令人費(fèi)解的是這一問(wèn)題似乎讓老板們大吃一驚。想必最遲鈍的老板來(lái)也明白，信任是最有價(jià)值的經(jīng)濟(jì)資產(chǎn)，他能容易被毀掉，而修復(fù)信任需要花費(fèi)巨資。沒(méi)有什么能比一家公司讓敏感的個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)流到別有用心的人手里更能毀掉信任的了。

現(xiàn)在這種情況，雖然不合理，可能還由于缺乏對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)泄露的法律制裁而加劇。(是美國(guó)缺乏法律制裁，而不是歐洲)。最近加州通過(guò)一項(xiàng)法令，在這之前，當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)泄露時(shí)，美國(guó)公司都不必告訴任何人，甚至是受害者本人。這種情況很快就會(huì)改變：許多有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)安全的立法提案正在華盛頓特區(qū)進(jìn)行討論。同時(shí)6月17日公布的美國(guó)大約4千萬(wàn)信用卡帳戶信息失竊事件讓一天前美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)公布的一個(gè)重要決定黯然失色，該決定通知美國(guó)公司如果不能提供充分的數(shù)據(jù)安全保障，就會(huì)按章懲罰。

Part B

Directions：

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41—45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10points)

[A]Set a Good Example for Your Kids

[B]Build Your Kids’ Work Skills

[C]Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities

[D]Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis

[E]Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies

[F]Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are

[G]Build Your Kids’ Sense of Responsibility

How can a Parent Help?

Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the startup adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I can “work life unreadiness”:

41

You can start this process when they are 11 or 12.Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.

42

Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying ”I have no idea” They can change their minds 200 limes, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.

43

Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn, parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.

44

Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous bats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.

45

They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.

What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as naive or ill-conceived as it may seem) have while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.

41. 選擇[F]【解析】第二段全段沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)折詞，末句出現(xiàn)了Also,可見(jiàn)該段前后內(nèi)容一致，為遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。末句中出現(xiàn)代詞they和them，指代首段提到的孩子，他有什么興趣，最適合什么，因該是幫助孩子了解他們自身的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，改正缺點(diǎn)。只有了解了自己是什么人，才知道自己適合什么。我們通過(guò)對(duì)該段中代詞的把握以及對(duì)最后一個(gè)句子中提到的興趣種類就可以判斷41題選[F]。

42. 選擇[D]【解析】42題考生很容易錯(cuò)選成[A]，這是因?yàn)槭拙涮岬絩ole model，這與[A]中的good example一致。但是小標(biāo)題的選擇應(yīng)該是對(duì)段落的整體把握，不是只關(guān)注部分細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。首句提到榜樣之后，后面都沒(méi)有談到這一內(nèi)容。顯然該段主旨并榜樣問(wèn)題。后面內(nèi)容中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵是future，指出家長(zhǎng)和孩子們要定期討論對(duì)未來(lái)的設(shè)想，顯然[D]為答案。

43. 選擇[B]【解析】本題所在段首句為主題句，指出父母應(yīng)該教給孩子怎樣工作。后面具體解釋如何教會(huì)孩子們工作：給孩子分配家務(wù)，鼓勵(lì)十幾歲的孩子做兼職等。通過(guò)這些方式讓孩子學(xué)會(huì)工作的技能。[B]是對(duì)主題句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，是對(duì)后細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的高度概括，故為答案。

44. 選擇[C]【解析】本段未出現(xiàn)明顯的主題句，但全段都是在談?wù)撘恍蕵?lè)性的業(yè)余生活的危害，作者提到玩電子游戲、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的看電視劇、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的用耳機(jī)聽(tīng)音樂(lè)等活動(dòng)會(huì)妨礙重要的溝通和思考能力的發(fā)展，影響持續(xù)的注意力發(fā)展。結(jié)合首段內(nèi)容可知，這里作者是向家長(zhǎng)提建議，指出如何幫助孩子為未來(lái)的工作做好準(zhǔn)備。雖然本段沒(méi)有明確指出應(yīng)該采取何種措施，由這里提到的危害可限制，這樣才不會(huì)影響他某些方面能力的發(fā)展，故[C]為答案。

45. 選擇[E]【解析】本段提到孩子們需要某種節(jié)能，處理各種狀況。第一、二句中出現(xiàn)deal with, solve, resolve等詞，表示孩子們需要應(yīng)對(duì)、解決某些問(wèn)題。由此可以推斷，作者在本段中提到的是處理和應(yīng)對(duì)各種情況的技能，這與[E]中的coping strategies不謀而合，故該項(xiàng)為答案。

參考譯文

父母如何提供幫助?

父母可以做很多事確保自己的孩子能夠安全進(jìn)入成人期。即使一份工作的起薪低得似乎很難滿足一個(gè)即將成人的孩子的快速自我滿足的需求，如果這個(gè)準(zhǔn)成人準(zhǔn)備好了的話，從學(xué)校向職場(chǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)變可以少些困頓。這里有幾種方法，選自我的書《不管是否準(zhǔn)備好，生活已經(jīng)開(kāi)始》，父母可以借鑒它們來(lái)預(yù)防我稱為“工作未準(zhǔn)備好”的情況。

幫助孩子了解自己

當(dāng)孩子們11或12歲的時(shí)候，你就可以開(kāi)始這個(gè)過(guò)程。周期性地和他們一起評(píng)論他們顯現(xiàn)出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)，一起克服任何缺點(diǎn)，諸如在交流和合作方面遇到的困難。此外，還要發(fā)現(xiàn)他們一直以來(lái)的興趣所在，這是因?yàn)樗鼈儠?huì)提供將來(lái)什么職業(yè)最適合他們的線索。

定期談?wù)撽P(guān)于未來(lái)的話題

孩子們需要一系列真實(shí)的行為榜樣，這與他們小圈子里的成員、流行歌星及自負(fù)的運(yùn)動(dòng)不同。定期在晚餐桌前談?wù)摷彝コ蓡T認(rèn)識(shí)的人，他們是如何達(dá)成自己的理想的。討論你自己職業(yè)中的快樂(lè)和不利方面，鼓勵(lì)你的孩子就他們自己的前途有些想法。當(dāng)問(wèn)到他們想做什么的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該阻止他們說(shuō)“我沒(méi)想法”他們可以200次改變自己的想法，但是對(duì)于前途看法模糊可不怎么好。

增強(qiáng)孩子的工作技能

教師負(fù)責(zé)教孩子如何學(xué)習(xí)，家長(zhǎng)應(yīng)該教孩子如何工作。給孩子分配家務(wù)，確保作業(yè)按時(shí)完成。鼓勵(lì)十幾歲的孩子做兼職工作。孩子們需要足夠的練習(xí)才能夠延遲自己的滿足感，施展有效的組織才能，例如管理時(shí)間，設(shè)定優(yōu)先考慮的事情等。

限制活動(dòng)時(shí)間

玩電子游戲會(huì)讓人們感到即時(shí)的滿足。幾個(gè)小時(shí)看帶有錄音的笑聲的電視劇只會(huì)讓孩子們消極地處理信息。同時(shí)，通過(guò)耳機(jī)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地聽(tīng)同一單調(diào)的節(jié)奏會(huì)讓孩子們沉浸在自己的幻想中而不是努力追求其他的東西。這些活動(dòng)會(huì)妨礙重要的溝通和思考能力的發(fā)展，孩子在未來(lái)大多數(shù)工作都需要的持續(xù)的注意力方在的發(fā)展很困難。

幫助孩子培養(yǎng)解決問(wèn)題的能力

他們應(yīng)該知道如何應(yīng)對(duì)困境、壓力及感覺(jué)能力不足的情況。他們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)如何解決問(wèn)題和沖突，學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行頭腦風(fēng)暴的方法，批判性地思考問(wèn)題。家庭里討論能夠幫助孩子練習(xí)這些能力，幫助他們將這些技能應(yīng)用到日常生活的不同情況。

那些已長(zhǎng)大成人但是看起來(lái)的苦苦掙扎，漫無(wú)目的地在剛剛成人時(shí)游蕩的那些兒女們?cè)撊绾文?家長(zhǎng)們還扮演一個(gè)重要的角色，但現(xiàn)在這個(gè)角色更棘手些。他們必須小心，不讓自己對(duì)孩子失望。他們應(yīng)該表現(xiàn)出對(duì)自己還缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)的孩子看起來(lái)還很天真或考慮不周所感興趣的東西的強(qiáng)烈興趣和尊敬，在探索他們未來(lái)的選擇方面成為孩子們的伙伴。最重要的是，這些剛剛長(zhǎng)大的孩子必須要感覺(jué)到他們受尊敬，得到一個(gè)欣賞他們的家庭的支持。

Part C

Directions：

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(1 0 points)

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.However，only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily，the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.

If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education，its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.On the one hand，it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice，democracy and freedom.(47)On the other.it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example，notions of evidence and fact，of basic fights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.

(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state，is a major subject for journalists.The better informed they are about the way the state works，the better their reporting will be.(49)In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

Furthermore，the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.

ANSWERS

46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語(yǔ)句，識(shí)別動(dòng)詞和代詞含義

legal learning 學(xué)習(xí)法律

viewed…as… “把…視為…”

intellectually equipment 知識(shí)才能

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語(yǔ)句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來(lái)區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

Traditionally

, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers

, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.

這個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)十分清晰，這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。Traditionally是狀語(yǔ)，用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)語(yǔ)句。legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers是主句。短語(yǔ)rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明前文語(yǔ)句。

[翻譯潤(rùn)色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準(zhǔn)確排序

Traditionally傳統(tǒng)上

, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers，這些院校一直把學(xué)習(xí)法律看作是律師專有的特權(quán)

, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.，而不是一個(gè)受過(guò)教育的人常用的知識(shí)才能。

[參考譯文] 傳統(tǒng)上，這些院校一直把學(xué)習(xí)法律看作是律師專有的特權(quán)，而不是一個(gè)受過(guò)教育的人常用的知識(shí)才能。

47) On the other, it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語(yǔ)句，識(shí)別動(dòng)詞和代詞含義

1inks…to “把…聯(lián)系起來(lái)”

is parallel to “和…一樣”

cover “覆蓋”引申為“報(bào)道”

comment on “評(píng)論”

it 遵循代詞的指代原則，it指代“法律”

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語(yǔ)句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來(lái)區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

On the other

, it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.

2、which/that原則(用來(lái)區(qū)分主句和從句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等標(biāo)志詞區(qū)分主句和從句)

On the other

, it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner

which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis

as they cover and comment on the news.

這個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。On the other作為狀語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明整個(gè)句子。it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner 是主句。定語(yǔ)從句which is parallel to the inks journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.用來(lái)修飾名詞“manner”。從句as they cover and comment on the news是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

[翻譯潤(rùn)色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準(zhǔn)確排序

On the other另一方面

, it 1inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner法律把這些概念和日常實(shí)踐聯(lián)系在一起。

which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis如同會(huì)與生活建立起聯(lián)系那樣，

as they cover and comment on the news.，記者每天在報(bào)道和評(píng)論新聞時(shí)

[參考譯文] 另一方面，如同記者每天在報(bào)道和評(píng)論新聞時(shí)會(huì)與生活建立起聯(lián)系那樣，法律把公正、民主和自由這些概念和日常實(shí)踐聯(lián)系在一起。

48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語(yǔ)句，識(shí)別動(dòng)詞和代詞含義

understand “理解”

rests on “基于”

the established conventions “既定慣例”

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語(yǔ)句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來(lái)區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

2、which/that原則(用來(lái)區(qū)分主句和從句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等標(biāo)志詞區(qū)分主句和從句)

But the idea rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen

這個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰，這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。But the idea rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media是主句。同位語(yǔ)從句that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明“idea”的內(nèi)容。

[翻譯潤(rùn)色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準(zhǔn)確排序

But the idea rests on all understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.但是，這種觀點(diǎn)是基于對(duì)新聞媒體的即定慣例和特殊職責(zé)的理解。

that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen新聞?dòng)浾弑仨毐绕胀ü窀鼮樯羁痰睦斫夥桑?/p>

[參考譯文] 但是，新聞?dòng)浾弑仨毐绕胀ü窀鼮樯羁痰睦斫夥?，這種觀點(diǎn)是基于對(duì)新聞媒體的即定慣例和特殊職責(zé)的理解。

49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語(yǔ)句，識(shí)別動(dòng)詞和代詞含義

have a clear grasp of “清楚把握”

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語(yǔ)句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來(lái)區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

2、which/that原則(用來(lái)區(qū)分主句和從句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等標(biāo)志詞區(qū)分主句和從句)

In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists can do a competent job on political stories.

who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution

這個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰，這是一個(gè)特殊句型，“It is difficult to…”。句子中In fact做狀語(yǔ)。主句為it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.在該句子中how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.整個(gè)從句作為動(dòng)詞“see”的賓語(yǔ)，同時(shí)who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution是定語(yǔ)從句，用來(lái)修飾“journalists”。

[翻譯潤(rùn)色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準(zhǔn)確排序

In fact事實(shí)上，

, it is difficult to see how journalists can do a competent job on political stories. 我們很難想象，的記者如何能勝任政治方面的報(bào)道。

who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution對(duì)加拿大憲法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握

[參考譯文] 事實(shí)上，我們很難想象，對(duì)加拿大憲法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握的記者如何能勝任政治方面的報(bào)道。

50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語(yǔ)句，識(shí)別動(dòng)詞和代詞含義

enhance“提高”引申為“增加…的深度”

rely on “依靠”

make their own judgments “做出自己的判斷”

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語(yǔ)句，斷句

1、and原則(用來(lái)區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories

, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance

and make their own judgments.

這個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰，這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories與it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.構(gòu)成讓步關(guān)系。

[翻譯潤(rùn)色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準(zhǔn)確排序

While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories盡管律師提供的評(píng)論和反饋可能會(huì)增加報(bào)道的深度

, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance ，但記者最好還是依靠自己的理解，

and make their own judgments. 并做出自己的判斷。

[參考譯文] 盡管律師提供的評(píng)論和反饋可能會(huì)增加報(bào)道的深度，但記者最好還是依靠自己的理解，并做出自己的判斷。

參考譯文

幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，歐洲的大學(xué)一直認(rèn)為法學(xué)是一門基本學(xué)科。然而，直到最近幾年，法學(xué)才成為加拿大大學(xué)本科專業(yè)的一個(gè)重要科目。傳統(tǒng)上，這些院校一直把學(xué)習(xí)法律看作是律師專有的特權(quán)，而不是一個(gè)受過(guò)教育的人常用的知識(shí)才能?？上驳氖?，加拿大的許多大學(xué)正在樹(shù)立更傳統(tǒng)、更具歐洲大陸特色的法律教育觀點(diǎn)，有些大學(xué)甚至已經(jīng)開(kāi)始授予法學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位。

如果法學(xué)正在開(kāi)始成為普通教育的重要組成部分，那么它的目標(biāo)和方法應(yīng)該會(huì)立刻吸引新聞學(xué)教育者。法律是一門鼓勵(lì)負(fù)責(zé)任的判斷的學(xué)科。一方面，它為分析像正義、民主和自由這樣的概念提供機(jī)會(huì)。另一方面，如同記者每天在報(bào)道和評(píng)論新聞時(shí)會(huì)與生活建立起聯(lián)系那樣，法律把這些概念(公正、民主和自由)和日常實(shí)踐聯(lián)系在一起。比如，有關(guān)證據(jù)和事實(shí)、基本權(quán)利和公共利益這樣的概念在新聞判斷和新聞編寫過(guò)程中就如同在法庭上一樣發(fā)揮作用。通過(guò)研讀并思考法律來(lái)提高判斷能力是一名新聞?dòng)浾邞?yīng)該為其事業(yè)做的一項(xiàng)知識(shí)準(zhǔn)備。

但是，新聞?dòng)浾弑仨毐绕胀ü窀鼮樯羁痰乩斫夥?，這種觀點(diǎn)是基于對(duì)新聞媒體的既定慣例和特殊職責(zé)的理解。政治，或者廣義上說(shuō)，的職能，是新聞?dòng)浾邎?bào)道的一個(gè)主要方面。他們對(duì)的機(jī)制了解得越多，報(bào)道就越優(yōu)秀。事實(shí)上，我們很難想象，對(duì)加拿大憲法的基本特征缺乏清晰了解的記者如何能勝任政治方面的報(bào)道。

此外，法律體系及其中發(fā)生的事件是新聞?dòng)浾邎?bào)道的主題。雖然法律報(bào)道的質(zhì)量各有不同，但是許多新聞?dòng)浾叨歼^(guò)分依賴律師提供給他們的詮釋。盡管律師提供的評(píng)論和反饋可能會(huì)增加報(bào)道的深度，但記者最好還是依靠自己的理解并做出自己的判斷。

Section Ⅲ Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

To whom it may concern,

I am writing the letter to make some suggestions for improving the service of our university library.

On the whole, I think our library functions pretty well, but its service is far from being perfect. Firstly, it is quite convenient to arrange an inquiry desk at the circulation hall, which enables the students to ask questions whenever necessary. Then, with the help of a professional librarian, students can go through the procedures more efficiently. In addition, it would be most helpful if the students have access to the latest Issues of foreign magazines. Lastly, you'd better maintain strict order at the reading room. I frequently found myself Disturbed by certain students chatting and smoking there.

It is my sincere hope that you will take my advice into consideration and I hold that it will benefit both the students and the university faculty as well.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then

3) support your view with an example/examples.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)

謀篇分析

根據(jù)漫畫不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，在足球場(chǎng)中一位球員等待射門，守門員等待接對(duì)方的射門。在射門球員頭腦中有一種想法，他認(rèn)為守門員體態(tài)龐大，擋住了球門，自己射門舉步唯艱;在守門員頭腦中也有一種想法，他認(rèn)為自己體態(tài)渺小，大部分球門裸露外，對(duì)方可以輕易將球射進(jìn)自家大門。漫畫反映的是“缺乏自信導(dǎo)致失敗”，即該文章的主題。

根據(jù)提綱中的信息1) describe the drawing,.本文開(kāi)頭需要一個(gè)獨(dú)立的段落，即描述漫畫段。

根據(jù)提綱中的信息2) interpret its meaning本篇文章下文要體現(xiàn)出作者對(duì)該現(xiàn)象的評(píng)論，即漫畫所傳遞的深刻含義。

根據(jù)提綱中的信息3) support your view with examples.本篇文章結(jié)尾處要體現(xiàn)出作者對(duì)該現(xiàn)象的評(píng)論，即引用具體實(shí)例闡述漫畫表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。

SAMPLE

How impressive the cartoon is in describing one of the most critical characteristic personalities concerning value and virtue! This cartoon depicts a picture of a football game with two players facing each other. One player is going to kick the ball while the goalkeeper is standing in front of a goal, ready to protect it. But both parties are losing their confidence. The striker magnifies the goalkeeper in his mind so that chances of shooting in are slim. Likewise, the goalkeeper minimizes his own image as if he couldn't defend the goal successfully.

Obviously, both of the players in the picture don't have enough confidence and if you have little confidence, how can you achieve your goal in life? The belief of what one can achieve and succeed often spells the difference between success and failure. On account of the fast pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, imposing tremendous pressure on all individuals. The past few years have witnessed great increase in the difficulty of examinations and employment. Thus we must maintain powerful self-confidence and optimism in the face of challenges so as to survive and succeed.

Confidence can be shown in the performance of many people. Take Liuxiang as an example. It is because of his Self-confidence that he never shrinks in front of other experienced players and works wonders again and again. On the contrary, some athletes do well in everyday training, but when facing other people they fail to present the best of themselves for the lack of self-confidence.

As the saying goes, confidence is the first step to success! Only by building strong self-confidence can we move closer to our dreams.

文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析

第一段

How impressive the cartoon is in describing one of the most critical characteristic personalities concerning…… 用來(lái)引出漫畫內(nèi)容，并且給人以“心領(lǐng)神會(huì)”之感。

This cartoon depicts a picture of…… 描述漫畫內(nèi)容。

第二段

Obviously, ……and if……, how can you achieve your goal in life? 用來(lái)引出主題，并且順利的強(qiáng)調(diào)主題的重要。

The belief of what one can achieve and succeed often spells the difference between success and failure. On account of the fast pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, imposing tremendous pressure on all individuals. ……Thus we must maintain powerful …… in the face of challenges so as to survive and succeed. 用來(lái)聯(lián)系現(xiàn)實(shí)，只有將主題與現(xiàn)實(shí)聯(lián)系到一起才能體現(xiàn)出主題的意義和作用。

第三段

Confidence can be shown in the performance of many people. Take Liuxiang as an example. 舉例子，符合提綱要求來(lái)展開(kāi)文章。

It is because of...... On the contrary, …… 展開(kāi)例子，聯(lián)系到主題，再次強(qiáng)調(diào)主題的重要性。

第四段

As the saying goes,…… 諺語(yǔ)將文章主題升華。

Only by building strong self-confidence can we move closer to our dreams. 利用倒裝句型下結(jié)論，并把文章順利結(jié)尾。