2013年考研英語一真題及答案完整版

2013年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（一）試題

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

To8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was 11 .

He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .

1.[A] grants  [B] submits  [C] transmits     [D] delivers

2.[A] minor    [B] external   [C] crucial  [D] objective

3.[A] issue    [B] vision   [C] picture   [D] moment

4.[A] Above all   [B] On average     [C] In principle    [D] For example

5.[A] fond  [B] fearful      [C] capable        [D] thoughtless

6.[A] in    [B] for      [C] to    [D] on

7.[A] if   [B] until     [C] though  [D] unless

8.[A] test   [B] emphasize   [C] share  [D] promote

9.[A] decision   [B] quality   [C] status   [D] success

10.[A] found   [B] studied   [C] chosen   [D] identified

11.[A] otherwise    [B] defensible    [C] replaceable   [D] exceptional

12.[A] inspired    [B] expressed    [C] conducted      [D] secured

13.[A] assigned       [B] rated    [C] matched     [D] arranged

14.[A] put    [B] got    [C] took    [D] gave

15.[A] instead     [B] then     [C] ever   [D] rather

16.[A] selected       [B] passed     [C] marked     [D] introduced

17.[A] below   [B] after   [C] above    [D] before

18.[A] jump  [B] float   [C] fluctuate    [D] drop

19.[A] achieve     [B] undo    [C] maintain    [D] disregard

20.[A] necessary      [B] possible     [C] promising      [D] helpful

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.

Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.

Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.

21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her _______.

[A] lack of imagination                [B] poor bargaining skill

[C] obsession with high fashion          [D] insensitivity to fashion

22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to _______.

[A] combat unnecessary waste         [B] shop for their garments more frequently

[C] resist the influence of advertisements           [D] shut out the feverish fashion world

23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to _______.

[A] accusation     [B] enthusiasm     [C] indifference     [D] tolerance

24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.        [B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.

[C] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.     [D] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.

25. What is the subject of the text?

[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.        [B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.

[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.       [D] Exposure of a mass-market secret

Text 2

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.

In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.

On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that InternetExplorer 10, the version due to appear Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.

Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says, “they’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”

It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “we believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?

26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to _______.

[A] lower their operational costs                                      [B] ease competition among themselves

[C] avoid complaints from consumers                               [D] provide better online services

27. “The industry” (Line 5, Para.3) refers to_______.

[A] online advertisers                                                     [B] e-commerce conductors

[C] digital information analysis                                        [D] internet browser developers

28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default _______.

[A] goes against human nature                                         [B] fails to affect the ad industry

[C] will not benefit consumers                                         [D] many cut the number of junk ads

29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?

[A] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads            [B] DNT may not serve its intended purpose

[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers             [D] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT

30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of_______.

[A] appreciation      [B] understanding      [C] indulgence       [D] skepticism

Text 3

Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.

But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the international Union for the Concentration of Nature (IUCN), and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.

Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.

But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.

31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by _______.

[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment.                              [B] our faith in science and technology.

[C] our awareness of potential risks.                                 [D] our belief in equal opportunity.

32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human beings are _______.

[A] a misplaced race.                                                      [B] a sustained species.

[C] the world’s dominant power.                                     [D] a threat to the environment.

33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?

[A] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.                 [B] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.

[C] Technology offers solutions to social problems.           [D] Our immediate future is hard to conceive.

34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to _______.

[A] draw on our experience from the past.    [B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.

[C] explore our planet’s abundant resources.     [D] curb our ambition to reshape history.

35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] Uncertainty about Our Future      [B] Evolution of the Human Species

[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.      [D] Science, Technology and Humanity.

Text 4

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.

Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field”and Arizona has thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.

However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.

Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.

Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.

36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturnedbecause they _______.

[A] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law   [B] disturbed the power balance between different states

[C] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers     [D] contradicted both the federal and state policies

37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?

[A] States’ independence from federal immigration law.   

[B] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.

[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.

[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.

38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts _______.

[A] violated the Constitution         [B] stood in favor of the states

[C] supported the federal statute         [D] undermined the states’ interests

39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement _______.

[A] outweighs that held by the states      [B] is established by federal statutes

[C] is dependent on the states’ support      [D] rarely goes against state laws

40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?

[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.

[B] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.

[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.

[D] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.

Part B

Directions:

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.

Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges, including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41) ____________________. Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.

(42) ____________________. This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.

Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004. (43) ____________________.

When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium,for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.

The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) ____________________. This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.

The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) ____________________. That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.

[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.

[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.

[C] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.

[D] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

[E] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy, clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.

[F] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.

[G] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless,it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.

One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.

Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “l(fā)iberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.

Section IV Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in yourcollege, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.

You should include the details you think necessary.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should

1) describe the drawing briefly

2) explain its intended meaning, and

3) give your comments

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

答案解析：

1.【答案】B

【解析】從空后信息可以看出，這句表達的是"_ _法官表現(xiàn)得像政治家"的情況下，法庭就不能保持其作為法律法規(guī)的合法衛(wèi)士的形象，所以應該選C,maintain"維持，保持"，其他顯然語義不通。

2.【答案】A

【解析】從第三段可以看出，文章認為法院和政治之間應該是有界限的。所以這里應該是當法官像政治家一樣行事，模糊了二者之間的區(qū)別時，就失去了其作為法律衛(wèi)士的合法性。只有B，when表示這個意思。

3.【答案】B

【解析】第二段給的具體事例說明，法官出現(xiàn)在政治活動中會使法官形象受損，影響他們獨立、公正的名聲。只有B，weaken能表示這個意思。

4.【答案】D

【解析】空前信息顯示，法官出席政治活動會讓法院的審判收到影響，人們就會認為其審判不公正，所以選D，be accepted as..."被認為是"。

5.【答案】C

【解析】空所在的語境為：產(chǎn)生這樣的問題，部分原因在于"法官沒有_ _道德規(guī)范"。后一句話說，至少法院應該遵守行為規(guī)范，這顯然是進一步說明上一句話。所以上一句是說法官沒有受到道德規(guī)范的約束，選C，bound。

6.【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)解析5可以看出，這里應該是說遵守行為規(guī)范，subject與to連用，表示"服從某物，受…支配"。故本題選B。

7.【答案】D

【解析】分析句子結構可知，這里是由that引導的定語從句修飾說明前面的行為規(guī)范，是說法院也應當遵守適用于其他聯(lián)邦司法部的行為規(guī)范。apply to "適用于"符合題意。resort to "求助于";stick to "堅持(原則等)"語意不通。

8.【答案】B

【解析】空所在的語境為，類似這樣的案例提出了這樣一個問題：法院和政治之間是否還存在著界限。提出問題，產(chǎn)生問題用只能選raise。

9.【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)第8題可知，空內(nèi)應填line，"界限"。 barrier "障礙"，similarity"相似性"，conflict"沖突"都不合題意。

10.【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)句意，憲法的起草者們預想的是將司法從政治中分出來，讓其享有獨立的權力。envision as "將…想象成…"。所以選B。

11.【答案】A

【解析】本題考察邏輯搭配。本選項答案的確定需結合前句意思，制憲者旨在使法律不受政治的任何影響，這樣一來，法官就可以免受掌權者的影響了。此空就是考察由此所帶來的結果，故選[A]。

12.【答案】C

【解析】此題承接上題，可知法律不受政治的影響，從而法官也不用擔心掌權者(those in power)。

13.【答案】C

【解析】此題承接上題, 結合句意, 可知該半句主要表達"法官也無需政治支持了。"選項C最符題意。

14.【答案】D

【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。原句表達"我們的法律體系是法律完全不受政治的影響，是因為這兩者是緊密。。。"。結合句意思，[D]最合題意.

15.【答案】A

【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。文中說"憲法具有政治性，是因其的選擇都是植根于諸如自由，財產(chǎn)之類的基本社會。。。中。"自由，財產(chǎn)是西方社會的一些基本社會理念或概念，故選[A]。

16.【答案】C

【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。首先分析該句，可知空白處添加上一動詞可構成一定語從句，限定"the law"。其次，文中語境表達"當法律處理社會政策決策問題時，。。。的法律不可避免的具有政治性。四個選項中，[C]為最佳答案。

17.【答案】A

【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。可由文中語境得知，該半句主要表達"這也就解釋了為何背離思想路線的決策被看作是不公正的，從而被輕易的…."。結合語境，以及四個選項的意思，可知[A]最佳。

18.【答案】C

【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。由文中語境可知該句主要表達"法官必須。。。有關法庭(裁決的)公正合理的質(zhì)疑。"四個選項中，僅[C]符合題意。

19.【答案】D

【解析】本題考察短語搭配及相似短語辨析。四個選項均可與連用，其中

accessible to 易接近的;可歸屬的;可得到的可歸因的

amiable to可親，多指人和藹可親，易于接近

agreeable to欣然同意的;適合的，適宜的

accountable to對…負責

此題的理解需承接整個句, 首先此空所在后半句乃一方式狀語，承接前半句說明法官怎樣來解決有關法庭(裁決的)公正合理的質(zhì)疑。將此四個選項分別代入，可得出正確答案[D]，法官只有對對行為準則負責，也即是遵循一定的行為準則才可確保其裁決的公正與合理。

20.【答案】D

【解析】此題考察邏輯搭配。此句承接上句，旨在說明由此帶來的結果，也即是文中所說的"。。。使得裁決看起來完全不受政治的影響，如法律一般令人信服。" 結合四個選項意思，可知選[D]。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

21.【答案】D

【解析】文章首段包含了兩方面的內(nèi)容，作者先簡單介紹Peer pressure，再引出Tina Rosenberg在她的新書Join the Club中對于peer pressure的看法，這篇文章是以一篇書評的形式出現(xiàn)。而題目"根據(jù)第一段，同伴壓力的出現(xiàn)常常是…"問的僅僅是同伴壓力，并無涉及到Tina Rosenberg或者她的新書，因此答案則應主要涉及文章對于peer pressure的介紹，而非Tina對于peer pressure的看法。首段第三句說"(同伴壓力)通常引起不好的事情，如酗酒，嗑藥，亂交"，故答案選D，說明同伴壓力出現(xiàn)導致的結果，這里的答案使用了同義替換的方式。

22.【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)題干關鍵詞"public-health advocates"可以定位到第三段最后一句話"Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure",即應該向廣告商學習，這里主要是對于短語"take a page from"的理解，答案選B

23.【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)題干"在作者看來，Rosenberg的書沒能…"，所選答案是要找出作者看來這本書的缺點是什么。文章第四段第一句話說"但是，在…方面，Rosenberg不太有說服力"，緊接著說"Join the Club中太多無關的細節(jié)，而對于使同伴壓力能產(chǎn)生如此大作用的社會和生物因素并未做足夠的探究"，這句話充分說明了在作者心目中這本書的不足在哪兒，故答案選A

24.【答案】C

【解析】這是一道細節(jié)題。文章第五段首句告訴我們peer groups確實會對行為產(chǎn)生很大的影響，第二句具體說明影響的內(nèi)容，即好的習慣和不好的習慣都會通過社會交際在朋友圈中傳遞，最后一句則對這種影響進行了總結，"這是同伴壓力的細微表現(xiàn)，我們無意識地模仿日常所見到的行為"。而分析題干和選項，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)該題是對"imitation of behavior"進行歸納，回到原文，找到"我們無意識地模仿日常所見到的行為"，答案即刻清晰，這里是對unconsciously一詞進行了釋義，因此C選項正確。

25.【答案】D

【解析】這道題考查作者對于peer pressure所能帶來的影響的態(tài)度，作者通過最后一段第一句話首先向我們表明他對"希賽網(wǎng)和其他人員是否能成功選擇同伴來引導他們的行為朝好的方向發(fā)展"的不肯定，接下來以教師指導學生的例子為說明，得出結論"The tactic never really works."(這個策略從來沒有真正起作用)。通過作者的這樣一番描述，可以看出，作者對于peer pressure是否能有效果是質(zhì)疑的，故答案選D。

Text 2

26.【答案】C

【解析】

reneging 的原形是renege，本議是"食言""否認"之意，為反向意義詞。而四個選項中A 中的condemning 意為"譴責""處刑"B中的reaffirming 意為"重申""再肯定，再斷言"，C中的dishonoring的意為"拒付，不兌付"，在意思和方向上都符合，D中securing 意為"保證，使保險"的含義。本文主要在說Entergy這個公司不兌現(xiàn)自己的諾言，所以應選C項。

27.【答案】D

【解析】

本題答案定位在文中第三段每二句話，As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale , the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. "as a condition of"可以理解為"為了"，D 項中的"purchase "一詞就是對文中"sale"的替換。

28.【答案】A

【解析】

題干："根據(jù)第四段Entergy公司似乎在它的????上存在著問題"，題目中已清晰把答案范圍確定在第四段，通過閱讀第四段我們可以看到Entergy公司出現(xiàn)了一系列的事故"a string of accidents",而后面的這句"raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management"就是本題的答案所在了。其中 "managerial" "management"仍是同一單詞的變形。

29.【答案】D

【解析】

首先從題干知道考查的是作者的觀點。 "佛蒙特州事件"和will test在文章中的定位是在第5段第5句話，"Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend"意思是"佛蒙特州事件將會檢驗是這些權利延伸多遠的先例"。這句話是legal scholars的觀點。重點是理解certainly和but后面的意思。雖然作者承認擔憂如果每個周各行其是的后果是合理的，但是But后面是個虛擬語氣，與事實相反。所以作者的真正態(tài)度是支持legal scholars的觀點，即佛蒙特州事件是對州法規(guī)的權限的考驗。How far those power extended與D選項的the limits of states' power與選項D"各州在核問題上的權限"是相匹配的，因此正確答案為D。其他選項與"佛蒙特州事件"帶來的檢驗，文中并未直接提及。

30.【答案】A

【解析】

最后一段主要講的是"Entergy公司的名譽已嚴重受創(chuàng)。該公司向聯(lián)邦申請：許可Pilgrim核電站獲得另外20年的開放權。但是作者認為，核管理委員會在審核該公司的申請的時候，務必要考慮下該公司的信譽問題。"A選項"Entergy公司在其它地方的生意將會受到影響"由最后一段的第一句話"Entergy公司的名譽已嚴重受創(chuàng)"就可以推斷出來;B"核管理委員會的權威將會被藐視"最后一段沒給出任何要藐視核管理委員會的暗含信息，因此B選項錯誤;C "Entergy公司將會撤回關于Pilgrim核電站的申請"，最后一段同樣沒給出類似的暗含信息;D "Vermont的名聲將會受到破壞" 同樣，從最后一段，根本無法推斷出。因此，最佳答案是A。

Text 3

31.【答案】A

【解析】

這篇文章選自The Scientist,文章題目是The Evolution of Credibility。文章第一段第二句話提到"But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route."，即在每天的科學實踐中，發(fā)現(xiàn)所遵循的規(guī)律是模棱兩可和復雜的。A項uncertainty and complexity 是對文中ambiguous and complicated的同義替換，所以為正確答案。

B項是利用文中最后一句話的干擾"Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound"，這句話是說"有誤解和自我欺騙的可能"，從而導致了科學發(fā)現(xiàn)的模棱兩可和復雜性;C項和D項是受文章第一句話的干擾，但是第一句同時提出只有"在理想中(in the idealized version of ...)，科學發(fā)現(xiàn)才能夠很客觀。

32.【答案】B

【解析】

第二段第二句中提到"But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to...",其中it指的是將科學發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得公眾可信度的過程。接下來的第四句話具體講到了這個過程："through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime."，即要經(jīng)歷從個人到集體的過程，需要每個人共同的努力，故答案為B。

33.【答案】B

【解析】

本段第三句話中提到"Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries"，即"研究者需要在科學團體復雜的社會結構中實現(xiàn)科學發(fā)現(xiàn)"，在這句話的后面有一個分號，分號后面的三個短句分別解釋了在科學團體中不同身份的人所做的不同工作，如新聞編輯者和評論家需要控制科學發(fā)現(xiàn)公開的過程,而另外一些科學家需要同過新的發(fā)現(xiàn)來證明已有的發(fā)現(xiàn)等。除此之外，最后一句話"transform an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery"即將個人的發(fā)現(xiàn)轉換為集體可信的科學發(fā)現(xiàn)，故答案為B，即科學發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得公眾的可信度需要集體的努力和驗證。

答案A是利用本段首句設置的干擾，屬于主觀臆斷;答案C為干擾項目，以偏概全;答案D文中沒有提及。

34.【答案】D

【解析】

第四段主要講到了科學發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得大眾可信度的過程中面臨的兩個矛盾。Albert Szent-Gyorygi的觀點主要針對第二個矛盾，即創(chuàng)新本身經(jīng)常會引起懷疑。同時他認為科學發(fā)現(xiàn)需要"seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought"，即看到每個人都已經(jīng)看到的，并想到別人沒有想到的。這句話暗示了科學發(fā)現(xiàn)的過程需要有評判性思維，即我們應該去探求事物。故答案為D。

答案A與本段中講到的第一個矛盾有關;答案B的過渡推斷來自本段最后一句話，這句話的意思是，真正有創(chuàng)新的發(fā)現(xiàn)需要時間的驗證來得到公眾的認可。答案C文中沒有提到，屬于主觀臆斷。

35.【答案】C

【解析】

此題考察對全文主旨大意的準確歸納。從整個文章脈絡來看，文章第一段指出任何發(fā)現(xiàn)最終的目標是使之客觀化，然而此過程或多或少會受到不同的生活環(huán)境的影響;第二段指出這個過程需要公眾共同的努力;第三段具體論述了不同的人在這個過程中需要完成的工作;第四段則提出了使科學發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得可信度的過程中所遇到的兩個矛盾;最后一段用Annette Baier的一句話總結了這個過程。由此可知，C項統(tǒng)領全文，為正確答案。答案A項與原文不符;答案B 是第二段中提到的一部分;而答案D只是對第四段的概括。

Text 4

36.【答案】C

【解析】

根據(jù)題干定位于第一段When …were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. 意思是1960年時，美國政府部門只有1/10的人是工會成員，但是現(xiàn)在比例是36%。所以C選項正確：工會增加了政府部門成員。A選項：Teamster 仍然擁有很多成員。文中只提到了比例，并沒有講具體人數(shù);B：吉米過去是一個公仆。而文中第一句是一個虛擬語氣的句子，"如果他還活著的話，他今天可能代表一名公仆"，曲解文意;D：政府改善了與社團的關系。文中并未提及。

37.【答案】D

【解析】

該題很容易根據(jù)題干定位于第二段。第二段中有很明顯的first, second, third這些詞，屬于典型的列舉處，最容易出細節(jié)題。只需要將各選項與這三點仔細比對即可。A 公共部門組織在采取行動時很謹慎文中并示提及，是對"they now dominate left-of-centre politics"這句話設置的干擾項，"左派"為激進派，不可能謹慎;而B錯在教育不是需要的，而是公務員社團成員受教育程度普遍偏高，并非必需;C工黨長期與公務員社團爭斗，該段倒數(shù)第二句指出工會與社團一直有聯(lián)系，最后一句講到工會領導Miliband榮登寶座正是因為公務員社團的大力支持，因此與原文相悖;D選項為First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.這句話的同義改寫。意思是"他們可以息事寧人并不用遭受不好的后果"。

38.【答案】B

【解析】

該題很容易定位于文章的第四段。題干是"部門人員的工資狀況是"。做這道題要把第四段整體理解。注意But后面的內(nèi)容，尤其是keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous。大意是公共部門員工的工資漲幅很小，但是節(jié)假日福利津貼很多。B選項的indirectly augment意思是"間接地增加"。和原文意思"公有部門人員的收入是來源于福利等間接收入，而非正常的工資收入"符合。A 通過非法得來文中只提到了部門人員的工資比私人企業(yè)的要高，整段都未提及來源，故該選項屬于過度推理;C 過度地增長文中并未提及增長的幅度，提到只是通過"暗廂操作"的方式，容易使考生產(chǎn)生誤解;D 很公正地調(diào)整與"backloaded"不符。

39.【答案】C

【解析】

題干的意思是"舉威斯康辛社團為例，表明社團_______"。該題根據(jù)題干中的專有名詞Wisconsin定位于倒數(shù)第二段。由題干可知這是一個例證題，所以需要看文章的第五段。第五段首句Reform has been vigorously opposed。從第六段Wisconsin的例子可以看出，工會集合眾人反對共和黨領導人Scott Walker，正是為了反對改革。所以可以知道工會可能是公共部門改革的一個障礙，C為正確選項。A 經(jīng)常與當前政治體系對抗文中并未反映often這個程度。B 能夠改變?nèi)藗兊恼螒B(tài)度文中并示提及，D 在政府中占統(tǒng)治地位文中第二句講到社團得到了成千上萬人的支持來對付強硬的共和黨州長，并不能推出該選項之意。

40.【答案】A

【解析】

文中人物的觀點態(tài)度題。該題定位于最后一段，第一句話指出John認為西方公共服務中的文化準則適用于想維持原狀的人們而對于有比較高成就的人們就不利了，很明顯持否定態(tài)度，最后再次指出不能造福于高成就人們的公共服務系統(tǒng)對于美國可能是一個更大的麻煩，也再次證實了作者的觀點是不支持的即A選項。disapproval"反對"，appreciation"欣賞"，tolerance"寬容"，indifference"冷漠"。

Part B

41.【答案】C

【解析】略讀第一自然段得知這篇文章的主題是科技給人們的生活帶來的便利，重點論述了媒介。此題空在末尾，那么通讀空前的內(nèi)容，可以找到特征詞或者中心詞"creat a fabulous machine"瀏覽七個選項，C項中的"develop such a device"剛好與此對應

42.【答案】D

【解析】此題空在了段落的中間，需要在空前和空后找關聯(lián)詞，空前出現(xiàn)了"reason"這個特征詞，而空后出現(xiàn)了"war"這個特征詞，瀏覽七個選項，D項的"because"和"war"剛好與此對應，所以答案選D.

43.【答案】A

【解析】此題空在段末，因此要在空前以及下一自然段的段首找關聯(lián)詞，瀏覽空前可以找到"superfluous material goods" ,而瀏覽下一自然段的句首可找到"download"這個詞;那么瀏覽七個選項，答案A出現(xiàn)了"these superfluous things"，接下來也提及到了"download"，因此可以鎖定答案A.

44.【答案】F

【解析】此題空在句末，所以需要瀏覽下空前以前下一個自然段的句首，通讀空前的內(nèi)容可以找到關聯(lián)詞"a pyramid of production remains,"，而下一個自然段的段首提到了"television"，那么瀏覽七個選項，跟此關聯(lián)的有兩項E和F,再繼續(xù)分析，E項只有"television"這個詞與空后對應，而F項不僅出現(xiàn)了"television"這個詞，而且出現(xiàn)了"this pyramid of production"這個特征詞，所以，答案為F.

45.【答案】G

【解析】此題空在段末，那么需要瀏覽下空前的句子，尋找關聯(lián)詞，在B和G之間進行選擇，通讀可知，空前的"flow"與G項的"the flow"是相對應的，B項的"applications"在文中沒有提及，所以此題鎖定答案G

Part C

46. 【解析】本句結構比較簡單，它是一個簡單句，句子主干結構是one approach takes…and seeks…。破折號后面的部分是對前面提到的理論的進一步解釋。

1)take …to extreme…把……發(fā)揮到極致，把。。。推至極限

2)theory of everything萬有理論?；蛘咭部梢砸粋€短語翻譯出來"適用于任何事物的理論"

3)generative equation生成等式、生成方程。

【參考譯文】物理學中的一個理論把這種歸一的沖動發(fā)揮到了極致，它探尋一種萬有理論----一個關于我們能看到的一切的生成方程式。

解析：

47. 【解析】對本句話的理解關鍵在于對for引導的句子的正確理解。因為有兩個逗號，有的同學在考場比較緊急的時間和緊張的狀態(tài)下容易把兩個逗號間的部分理解為插入語，那么這句話就很難理解了。

1)for 引導的句子表原因與前句是并列關系，for原因并列句中又包含一個if引導的條件狀語從句

2)"it seems reasonable to suppose that"對這句話的翻譯可以翻譯成一個長句，也可以分開翻譯成"那么假設文化差異也能夠追溯到更有限的源頭, 這種假設看上去便是合理的了。"

3)對于 "cultural diversit"的理解，我們?nèi)菀资艿街霸趥淇贾薪?jīng)常遇到的"cultural diversity"的影響，直接翻譯成"文化多樣性"，但在本文，前文很多次提到了共性，所以這里我們翻譯為"文化差異"更合適。

【參考譯文】在這里，達爾文主義似乎提供了有力的理由，因為如果全人類有共同的起源，那么假設文化差異也能夠追溯到更有限的源頭好像就是合理的了。

48. 【解析】這句話結構主要在于對三個"what"從句的理解。本題是三個what引導的從句第一個是what引導的賓語從句，做filter out 的賓語。第二個what是介詞from的賓語，from 是固定搭配中的介詞filter out A from B。第三個what是understand的賓語，和how并列

1)句子主干可以看做：To filter out A from B enables us to understand C and D

A指的是"what is contingent and unique"

B指的是"what is shared" how complex cultural behaviour arose"

C指的是"how complex cultural behaviour arose"

D指的是"what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms"

2)Filter out詞組本意是濾掉，。這個單詞可能有同學會不熟悉，但是如果對本句結構理解清楚，看到from這個介詞，加之對前文大意的理解，我們可以猜出這個詞的意思，或者理解為"區(qū)分"等也不影響全句的理解。以避免我們有的同學看到第一個單詞不認識立馬生出的膽怯情緒，影響下文判斷。

【參考譯文】把差異性和獨特性從共性中過濾出來也許能讓我們理解復雜的文化行為是如何產(chǎn)生的，是什么從進化或認知領域指導著它。

49. 【解析】本句結構比較明朗，關鍵是句子前部分單獨很難理解，需要結合前文。這也恰恰說明了考研英語中的翻譯首先是閱讀理解的一部分，不是單獨的翻譯而已。

1)這里的the second與上文的"The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky,"，所里這里應該翻譯成"第二種理論"所以這句話需要根據(jù)上下文和邏輯解釋清楚。而不能單純的翻譯成第二。。。

2)對于括號內(nèi)部的處理，我們可以直接放在括號中即可。

【參考譯文】約書亞格林伯格為尋找語言的共性而付出努力提出了第二種理論。他采用了一個更實用的共性理論，做法是辨認出眾多語言的共有特征(尤其是按照詞序排列)，這些特征被認為代表了由認知局限導致的偏差。

50. 【解析】這句話的結構比較簡單，復雜的是其中大量的術語和不熟悉的詞匯。對于這些詞匯我們根據(jù)直譯即可。

本句結構：Chomsky's grammar should show…, whereas Greenbergian….

1)That引導的定語從句修飾patterns

2)這里的"grammar"是指是上文的生成語法，所以這里可以把生成語法翻譯出來。

3)co-dependencies 這個詞需要根據(jù)上下詞義加之詞根詞綴來猜測出詞義，因為下文指出是兩者關系，所以可以翻譯為"共存性"。

【參考譯文】喬姆斯基生成語法應該表明語言變化的模式，這些模式獨立于族譜或貫穿其中的路徑，然而格林伯格的共性理論預測詞序關系的特殊類別之間(而不是其他)有著強烈的共存性。

Section III Writing

51.小作文

【參考范文】

Dear international students,

I am the chairman of the Students' Union. I've just received the emails from you and got the news that you will come to our university. Firstly, I'd like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of our university and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming.

In order to make all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you'd better take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it is very cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledge about Chinese culture for better understanding in class.

I really hope you'll find these proposals useful. And I'm looking forward to your coming!

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

52.大作文

【參考范文】

As can be clearly seen from the vivid picture, in front of a toppled bottel of which most water in it has flowed out, a man says "there is none left , how unlucky I am" looking rather upset, while another man quickly picked this bottle up, saying "I'm such a lucky dog, there is still some left". How vivid the cartoon it is! The two men show quite different perspectives toward the same situation.

The implication conveyed in this cartoon is that different perspectives we take to exam problems we confront lead to different attitutes or answers to these problems. In the first place, we'll find the problem is very difficult to handle from the pessimistic perspective. However, if we change our way of observing problems, we may find that we can make some remedial work even to turn something bad into good. In this way, we can find solutions for any difficulties. Every coin has two sides. So why not change an angel to observe the problem we encounter?

Whenever we face with the situation like the cartoon,what we should do is to observe it positively, especially when we are experiencing and encountering setbacks, only if we have the optimistic attitude, can we be bound to live a life of happiness