2012年廈門大學(xué)考博英語真題

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1. The weather wasn’t favorable and both teams had to icy rain and a strong wind during the match.

A. pin down B. get stuck in C. take control of D. contend with

2. People planning to travel by car to North Dakota in the winter are advised to their cars with snow tires and warm clothing.

A. install B. purchase C. provide D. equip

3. The consumer in recent years has led to an explosion of shopping center development in big cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Canton.

A. boom B. volume C. summit D. pressure

4. After a number of disagreements with the committee, the chairman decided to his present job.

A. retire B. resign C. retreat D. withdraw

5. Obviously, no teacher has patience. Even Larry, who is always kind and tolerant, lost his temper on that particular occasion.

A. definite B. spectacular C. infinite D. composed

6. Scientists use observation and experimentation to examine a specific concept existing theories and principles.

A. in the light of B. in view of C. as to D. in the interest of

7. As the ship is loaded, it will sink deeper and deeper into the water, but only sink deep enough to an amount of water equal to the weight of the ship and its cargo.

A. dismiss B. offset C. displace D. squeeze

8. Among other things the Town Council is responsible for parks, fire services, collection and libraries.

A. refuse B. plague C. robbery D. insect

9. On leaving school he became an office boy and having no to rise higher, he only wasted his time.

A. ambition B. determination C. success D. purpose

10. A feeling of tiredness almost the soldier on duty and he had to struggle hard to keep awake.

A. overcame B. defeated C. conquered D. overtook

11. The “formal learning” refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom, regardless of whether such learning is by conservative or progressive ideologies.

A. secured B. attained C. manifest D. informed

12. Formal learning is separated from daily life and may actually promote ways of learning and thinking which often run to those obtained from practical daily life.

A. parallel B. contradictory C. opposite D. counter

13. We were by the extent to which teacher’s decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the students.

A. struck B. puzzled C. attracted D. misled

14. The findings of the two archaeologists the burial customs of the ancient Egyptians.

A. paid attention to B. gained access to

C. threw light upon D. keep track of

15. In recent years, business schools the master’s degree in business administration enjoy great popularity among the management in big companies.

A. representing B. offering C. presenting D. supplying

16. The scheme for rebuilding the city center , owing to the refusal of a Council to sanction the expenditure of the money it would have required.

A. fell down B. fell out C. fell off D. fell flat

17. The changing image of the family on television provides into changing attitudes toward the family in society.

A. presentations B. revelations C. specifications D. insights

18. According to Plato, the most important idea is the idea of “good”. Knowledge of “good” is the object of all inquiry, a goal to which all other things are .

A. approximate B. crucial C. subordinate D. detached

19. If children who cannot write are asked to write the story they have been told orally, they tend to scribble in across a page.

A. patterns B. designs C. models D. scratches

20. Travelling like this is really an adventure. Very often, you’re off doing something strange where you don’t know what’s going to around the next bend.

A. turn off B. turn on C. turn away D. turn up

21. Nuclear power plants are some of the largest producers of wastes, with each plant producing barrels of radioactive material that must be stored in special protective containers.

A. biodegradable B. hazardous C. reasonable D. durable

22. The scientific community was when a living specimen of the coelacanth, long thought to be was discovered by deep-sea fisherman.

A. perplexed...common B. overjoyed...dangerous

G. unconcerned.. .local D. astounded ...extinct

23. After the governor’s third trip to overseas, voters complained that he was paying too little attention

to affairs.

A. intellectual B. foreign C. professional D. domestic

24. The Roman Emperor Claudius was viewed with by generations of historians until newly discovered evidence showed him to be administrator.

A. suspicion...a clever B. disdain...a capable

C. antagonism... an eager D. indignation... an incompetent

25. Communities in primitive areas where natural is scarce must be resourceful in order to secure adequate nutrition.

A. education B. competition C. sustenance D. agriculture

26. Anthony’s expression masked an essential cheerful nature.

A. jubilant B. inevitable C. dour D. pert

27. Her shrewd campaign managers were responsible for the fact that her political slogans were actually forgotten cliches revived and with new meaning.

A. fathomed B. instilled C. foreclosed D. instigated

28. The stoic former general led his civilian life as he had his military life, with simplicity and dignity.

A. benevolent B. informal C. austere D. aggressive

29. Although bound to impose the law, a judge is free to use his discretion to the anachronistic barbarity of some criminal penalties.

A. mitigate B. understand C. condone D. provoke

30. Henry viewed Melissa as ； she seemed to be against any position regardless of its merits.

A. heretical B. disobedient C. contrary D. inattentive

Part n Reading Comprehension (40% )

Section A (30%)

Questions i to 5 are based on the following passage:

The world seems to be going diet crazy, and yet our nation’s obesity rate has shot up year after year. And, it’s not only the over 20 population that has to worry about their weight anymore. Children from kindergarten to twelfth grade are also experiencing the problems of an overweight lifestyle. According to the website cosmiverse. com, 11% of adolescents are categorized as being overweight ,and another 16% are in danger of becoming overweight. This is a 60% jump from the 1980’s.

Some of the blame is being put on schools wanting to fit more academic classes into the children’s schedule rather than waste time on physical education. This new take on education has left us with physical activity at an all-time national low，resulting in obesity and poor physical conditioning at an all-time national high. The schools have tried a few solutions, the most recent in the news has been taking soda out of schools and increasing the required time children must be active during school. Will those methods help at all? Education is important at school, but starts at home. I believe students are getting their bad habits from watching their parents and how they eat and exercise. The school system only helps to hinder the child’s dietary eating. I know there are studies showing genes that determine how a child will be built. That does not explain, however, why the rate continues to increase at such a rapid rate each year. It seems more likely that more and more families have both parents working, leaving their children to their own means for a meal. “Nintendo, TV，PlayStation and the like，” are what Physical Education teacher, Sue Arostegui, attributes the inactiveness to, “Parents are either gone or too scared with today’s society to let them out and play”. Classes on health need to become more regular and sports need to be encouraged. At Live Oak High School the staff does good job of teaching how to eat and exercise to stay healthy. The freshmen study health every Wednesday in P. E. , and Pam James teaches healthy eating and food preparation in Home Economics for the first few weeks of every school year.

“ Kids have no idea how many calories they are eating，” said James of the overweight problems facing students. “Fast food is becoming more popular, it’s easier and parents are busy. They are only setting their kids up to gain weight with that diet however”. School cafeterias are also getting blamed for the students, eating habits. “ Healthy eating should start at home，” said L. 0. H. S. cafeteria cook, Brenda Myers. “Too many kids are being raised on fast food. After eating so much fast food they don’t have any tastes for real home cooked food. I always have healthy foods for students, but they are less likely to eat them. n Other schools do not even have the type of programs Live Oak offers and are suffering even worse consequences. Sports keep students fit and healthy. There need to be more readily available sports programs for anyone who would like to join. Many students when they feel they do not meet the standards for a team will admit defeat and drop off the team. There needs to be a program that all students will be interested in and continue through for the entire season.

Schools can only do and be blamed for so much however, and it will be up to the parents to become more aware of what activities their children are participating in and how healthy they are eating. Until that happens, I foresee the obesity rate continuing on its uphill curve.

1. Which of the following is similar in meaning to the word “obesity”？

A. Extremely heavy. B. Quite plump. C. Unhealthily fat. D. Rather stout.

2. What is the trend in education that has led to an increase in obesity?

A. Banning all types of soda drinks in schools.

B. Adding more academic classes at the expense of physical education.

C. No readily available sports programs for everyone.

D. The tendency to neglect courses on healthy eating.

3. What is the chief reason for the increase in obese students?

A. The genes of the students.

B. The poor quality of school cafeteria food.

C. Inactiveness due to playing computer games.

D. The negative example of their parents.

4. What should be done to improve students’ awareness of the importance of a healthy diet?

A. Inform the students of the calorie content of the food they eat.

B. Help students foster a taste for home cooked food.

C. Stop the cafeterias from selling fast food.

D. Provide programs like those offered at Live Oak High School.

5. According to the passage, the obesity rate of students will continue to grow unless .

A. all schools increase the time for students to be physically active

B. parents are more alert to what their children do and eat

C. schools increase the number of sports programs and activities

D. students are taught to change their eating habits

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage ??

The collaboration among scientists, universities and industry is not new. Both the university administration and the industry play a role in developing the scientific knowledge in the academic environment. The university is usually responsible for obtaining patents and for licensing the rights for its professors’ inventions. The company, having licensed the product, must provide the considerable financial backing required for its development and marketing.

In the best of all possible worlds, the inventors, the university administrators and the company executives work as a well-oiled machine that creates a beneficial product and generates capital to support the academic lab, the scientist, the university and the company’s shareholders. In the real world, however, each of these component parts has its own agenda. The goal may not entirely overlap.

When a university stands to gain financially from the commercialization o￡ one of its professors, inventions，for example，the professor may hesitate, out of conflict-of-interest issues, to participate in the trials of the new product. Such a policy causes friction and frustration in the relationship between the university administration and the faculty members.

Universities themselves have faced the frustration o￡ licensing their inventions to companies that have then sublicensed them to other firms for enormous fees. Because these “fees” can be disguised by a variety of accounting procedures, there is no way for the university or the inventor to participate in the profits of the sublicensing agreement. Thus，unless the invention becomes a product，the profits made by the company are not shared by the university or the inventor. Meanwhile it is the company who writes the checks. Of the three parties involved, it compromises the least. As a rule, the company shows more concern over new ideas and new products, which can be used to benefit itself and the public, good as well.

So the scientist, the university and the industry find themselves on a three-way street where ideas from the academic laboratory move into the realm of application. Because the use of this highway has increased dramatically in recent years, traffic jams and collisions have been unavoidable. And, increasingly ,basic research is diverted from its path. Inevitably, such sidetracking will slow the movement of basic science discoveries into technical products. Preventing this slowdown requires some new rules of the road. Increased government funding for research is necessary to restore order by redirecting lab efforts back toward basic research — the well spring of all applied technologies.

The scientist and the university must cease regarding companies as money-providers with deep pockets and learn from the business world how economic realities are integrated into idealistic goals. And the company’s attitude that “the scientist has done the easy work” has to give way to adapting to a more inclusive approach that permits participation by the scientist and the university in deciding on the best road to development. Without these accommodations on all sides, the flow of idea into products will be slowed, and all parties, including society at large, will suffer from the gridlock.

6. Before the invention becomes a product, universities mostly worry that .

A. whether the product would be beneficial to themselves

B. they can’t share the profits if the invention is sublicensed to other firms

C. financial support required for its development can’t be found

D. there will be conflict-of-interest issues between them and the faculty

7. Slowdown of basic science discoveries into technical products is directly due to .

A. the profit orientation of industry

B. traffic jams and collisions on “this highway”

C. diversion of basic research from its path

D. dramatic increase in the use of “this highway”

8. According to the author, what should be the function of the government?

A. Providing financial support to the basic scientific research.

B. Laying down new traffic rules of the road.

C. Setting new “game rules” for the three parts concerned.

D. Stimulating the transference of basic scientific discoveries to applied technologies.

9. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the text?

A. Industry should not function as a money-provider.

B. Scientists, universities and industry should change their mutual attitudes.

C. Scientists and companies should take more active attitude toward creation of new ideas.

D. Universities should motivate scientists to produce more inventions.

10. Which of the following is the best topic of the text?

A. The relationship among universities, scientists and industry.

B. The means to apply new ideas to the real world.

C. The problems in the cooperation among scientists, universities and industry.

D. The rote of universities and industry in developing scientific knowledge.

Questions 11 15 are based on the following passage:

An often-used，but valuable，analogy compares the immune system with an army. The defending troops are the white blood cells called lymphocytes, bom in the bone marrow, billeted in the lymph nodes and spleen, and on exercise in the blood and lymph systems. A body can master some 200,000,000 cells, making the immune system comparable in mass to the liver or brain. The lymphocytes are called to action when the enemy makes itself known. They attack anything foreign. Their job is to recognize the enemy for what it is，and then destroy it. One of the key features of the immune system is its specificity. Inoculation with smallpox provokes an attack on any smallpox virus, but on nothing else. This specificity of response depends on the lymphocyte’s ability to identify the enemy correctly by the molecules on its surface, called antigens.

An antigen is an enemy uniform. It can be a protein on the surface of a cold virus, or it can be a protein on the surface of a pollen grain, in which case the immune response takes the form of an allergy. An antigen can also be a protein on the surface of a transplanted organ, in which case the immune response “rejects” the transplant. Organs can therefore be transplanted only between closely related people — in whom the antigens are the same — or into people treated with a drug that suppresses the immune system, such as cyclosporine.

In the 1940s, an Australian immunologist, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, proposed a theory that helped explain how lymphocytes recognize and are activated by specific foreign antigens. The clonal selection theory as it was called, suggested that the innate immune system was not a homogeneous mass of more or less identical lymphocytes, but rather was made up of millions of different families called clones. “The members of each clone carry on their surfaces a receptor that is capable of identifying and binding to just one foreign antigen (or a part of it called the determinant). ”

Thus，when a foreign body carrying that antigen appears，the antigen binds to the receptor of only those lymphocyte clones，which are capable of recognizing it. Once the antigen binds to the receptor it stimulates the lymphocyte to divide，which generates more identical copies of itself. These clone members then attack the foreign entity, which carries the antigen. This implies that the immune system works on a “ready-made” basis. A person’s immune system inherits the knowledge of all foreign antigens to which it might be exposed. The sum of this inheritance increases as new threats are met.

11. The author’s primary purpose in the passage is to do which of the following?

A. Demonstrate the inadequacy of an analogy.

B. Advocate a method to strengthen the immune system.

C. Compare the immune system to the brain.

D. Clarify the workings of the body’s defense system.

12. The word “mass” in paragraph 1 means .

A. bulk B. function C. company D. lump

13. The author provides information to answer which of the following questions?

A. What is the process by which antigens are produced?

B. What is the mechanism by which cyclosporine suppresses the immune system?

G. What is the process that prevents closely related persons from developing dissimilar antigens?

D. Where do the body’s lymphocytes originate?

14. In describing the immune system, the author does all of the following EXCEPT .

A. define a term

B. illustrate through a comparison

C. quote all authoritative source

D. give an approximation

15. As Stated in the final three paragraphs, the clonal selection theory explains .

A. why the body5s immune system may reject transplanted organs

B. where and when specific foreign antigens enter the body

C. why dividing lymphocytes produce exactly identical copies

D. how the immune system tailors its response to specific antigens

Section B (10%)

Negotiation is not limited to the corporate boardroom or to high-stakes business settings. By becoming familiar with simple negotiating skills, you can help solve a wide variety of workplace problems, both large and small.

When you are discussing a need or problem with your coworkers, choose whichever of the following techniques will help bring your discussion to a positive close. Learn about the other’s needs. What does the other person need? How can you help meet these needs? Negotiation often involves exchanges, and your willingness to discover resources you can “swap” with each other can make your negotiation successful.

Listen. 1. Negotiate with the right person. 2. Ask questions. In the course of a typical negotiation, your coworker will say things you disagree with. He might even make an ultimatum or two. Don’t respond in kind. Probe his position by asking open-ended questions and posing hypothetical scenarios. You will likely discover additional negotiating room as a result. . Know your strengths but don’t let on. 3. Don’t be afraid to give in, but do it point by point. A good rule of thumb: make a concession only when your coworker makes a concession. Think of negotiating as a selling. Imagine you are a salesperson who must convince your customer of the merits of your product. A sales mindset will help you maintain a positive and persuasive attitude, Anticipate shock tactics. Good negotiators know that “shock tactics” are a normal part of serious negotiation discussions. 4. Look at the big picture. If you and your coworker agree on the big picture, you can agree “in principle” to your mutual objective-and pursue the details later. An agreement in principle often removes a major stumbling block to successful negotiations, since it may put you and the other person on the same side. Look for “yes” opportunities. 5. When you hear a “yes”，thank your coworker and reaffirm your desire to conclude an agreement.

Remember that winning is not everything. In a productive negotiation，both sides give away something in order to gain something of greater value. Do not enter a negotiation with the intention of browbeating your opponent or “winning” the deal. Instead, seek to arrive at a win-win outcome that leaves both you and your coworker enthusiastic about the result and eager to negotiate again.

A. Always maintain a sense of decorum, ever when others appear angry, frustrated of disgusted. Your decorum signals your willingness to continue the discussion — but on civil terms.

B. Remain on the lookout for points you and the other person agree on. When negotiations are not going well — even when they seem doomed — agreement on a relatively minor point can often change the tone of the discussion.

C. Let your coworker talk about her problem first. Try to understand her position before you argue, your point of view.

D. Don’t let your coworker know folly what you can offer in the negotiation until the discussion progresses further. Save your best negotiating points and concessions for later.

E. Nothing is more frustrating than approaching an individual to help you solve a problem, only to discover that he cannot. Figure out who can help meet your needs, and then decide how best to approach that individual.

Part III Short Answer Questions (10% )

As researchers learn more about how children’s intelligence develops, they are increasingly surprised by the power of parents. The power of the school has been replaced by the home. To begin with, all the factors，which are part of intelligence 一 the child’s understanding of language, learning patterns, curiosity — are established well before the child enters school at the age of six. Study after study has shown that even after school begins, children’s achievements have been far more influenced by parents than by teachers. This is particularly true about learning that is language -related. The school rather than the home is given credit for variations in achievement in subjects such as science. In view of their power it’s sad to see so many parents not making the most of their child’s intelligence. Until recently, parents had been warned by educators who asked them not to educate their children. Many teachers now realize that children cannot be educated only at school and parents are being asked to contribute both before and after the child enters school.

Parents have been particularly afraid to teach reading at home. Of course, children shouldn’t be pushed to read by their parents，but educators have discovered that reading is best taught individually —and the easiest place to do this is at home. Many four and five-year-olds who have been shown a few letters and taught their sounds will compose single words of their own with them even before they have been taught to read.

1. What have researchers found out about the influence of parents and the school on children’s intelligence?

2. What do researchers conclude about children’s learning patterns?

3. In which area may school play a more important role?

4. Why did many parents fail to make the most of their children’s intelligence?

5. The author suggests in the last paragraph that parents should be encouraged to .

Part IV English-Chinese Translation (15%)

(1) Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers，scientists and entrepreneurs from overseas flock to in search of fame，fast money and to participate in a technological revolution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution of the bygone age.

With the rapid spread of the Internet since the early 90s，and the relentless technological innovations generated through it, the information era is truly upon us, profoundly influencing and changing not only our lifestyle, but also the way we work, do business, think and communicate with others.

(2) The unprecedented success of the Valley is a testimony to the concerted international endeavors and contributions by people from diverse cultural and racial backgrounds, made possible by the favorable political, economic and intellectual climate prevailing, as well as the farsighted policies of the US government. Many countries have, or are in the process of creating, their own “Silicon Valley”. So far, none has yet threatened the preeminence of the US prototype. What makes Silicon Valley such a unique entity? There are several crucial factors.

(3) First and foremost，it has the largest concentration of brilliant computer professional and the best supporting services in the world，and easy access to world-class research institutions，like Stanford University, which continually nurtures would-be geniuses, which the industry needs in order to move forward. Without these advantages, the Valley would be a different place. Secondly，it actively encourages, or even exalts, risk-taking. Hence, failure holds no terror and there is no stigma attached to a failed effort. On the contrary, they will try even harder next time round. Such never-say-die approach is the sine qua non for the ultimate triumph in entrepreneurship and technological breakthrough. A third decisive factor is the vital role of venture capitalists who willingly support promising startups with urgently needed initial capital to get them started. Some would even give failed entrepreneurs a second chance if convinced that a fresh concept might lead to.eventual success.

(4) Of equal importance，many bright young people and middle level professionals are keen to work for a new venture at substantially reduced remuneration，as it offers more scope for entrepreneurship and job satisfaction than the established companies. There is also a pride of achievement if their efforts contribute to its fruition. Intellectual challenges aside，it is a common practice for start-ups to offer generous share options to employees in order to attract the right talent into their folds. This is a powerful incentive to motivate

the staff to do their utmost and to share in the company’s prosperity if it reaches its goal. Many regard this as the foundation of a successful enterprise,

Those that have become high flyers, such as Netscape, Intel, Cisco and Yahoo, have turned many of their employees, including support staff like secretaries, into dot, com millionaires overnight ,often at the relatively young age of 20s or 30s.

The Valley’s professionals are among the most hardworking people anywhere. A 15-hour day and 7-day week is not uncommon, especially during the start-up stage. They would give up social life, and curtail their family life too, in order to pursue the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. It is this single-minded pursuit of excellence, supported by strong ethos of teamwork and esprit de corps that sustain them until their mission is accomplished Paper qualifications, though useful, is not a be all and end all. More weight is given to a

candidate’s proven abilities and aptitude for the job. This is amply demonstrated by industry icons like Apple’s Jobs and Wozniak and Microsoft’s Gates, all college dropouts who might not have emerged in a qualification-conscious community. While racial prejudice no doubt still exists in the United States, albeit in a less degrading form as before, it is hardly discernible in the Valley. What counts most is one’s vision and track record, and not one’s nationality, skin color or creed. (5) This，together with its multiracial society，informal lifestyle and agreeable climate, lures foreigners to its shores.

However, with the collapse of the US Nasdaq share index earlier this year resulting in the plunge in prices of technology shares listed on it and elsewhere, the hitherto valuable share options held by numerous paper dot. com millionaires have become virtually worthless in these changed circumstances. Those who could not take the heat, as it were, left their employment feeling disillusioned.

Part V Writing (20% )

Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

You should write at least 250 words.

You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.

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